[资料，科普，感慨] 忒修斯之船 Ship of Theseus

图1  忒修斯之船 jotemINparadoksstatkutezeusza-5.jpg

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   忒修斯之船 The Ship of Theseus：

   “忒修斯之船”是一搜木船。随着时间流逝，该船的旧木板腐烂了，人们把它们拆下来，并用新木板进行替换。

   （1）当旧木板等都被替换掉后，该船还是不是原来的船？

   （2）用这些拆下来的旧木板等，重新安装成一艘船。这艘旧木板船，那艘新木板船，哪搜才是“真正的忒修斯之船”？

以下是网上搜集的一些英文叙述。对应的汉语来自机器翻译。

一、Locke on Personal Identity, 2019-02-11, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

   The imaginary cases that Locke employs are not dissimilar to ancient cases, such as the Ship of Theseus, reported by Plutarch. In this case, we are asked to imagine a ship that has slowly had its planks replaced with new ones. The intuition Plutarch’s case is intended to test is whether, at the end (when the ship has an entirely new material constitution), we have the same ship as before. Likewise, Locke is using cases to test readers’ intuitions about persistence and identity. 

   洛克使用的虚构案例与古代案例没有什么不同，比如普鲁塔克报道的忒修斯之船。在这种情况下，我们被要求想象一艘慢慢用新木板替换木板的船。普鲁塔克的案例旨在测试的直觉是，最终（当船具有全新的材料构成时），我们是否拥有与以前相同的船。同样，洛克也在使用案例来测试读者对持久性和身份的直觉。

二、《忒修斯的一生》，普鲁塔克 Life of Theseus, Plutarch

   The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned from Crete had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their places, insomuch that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question of things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same.

   忒修斯和雅典青年从克里特岛返回的那艘船有三十把桨，雅典人甚至一直保存到德米特里厄斯·法勒雷乌斯时代，因为他们把腐烂的旧木板拿走，把新的、更坚固的木材放在原地，所以这艘船成了哲学家们关于生长事物的逻辑问题的典范；一方认为船还是原来的，另一方则认为船不一样了。

三、《同一性与差异》，托马斯·霍布斯 “Of Identity and Difference,” Thomas Hobbes

   For if that Ship of Theseus (concerning the Difference whereof, made by continual reparation, in taking out the old Planks, and putting in new, the sophisters of Athens were wont to dispute) were, after all the Planks were changed, the same Numerical Ship it was at the beginning; and if some Man had kept the Old Planks as they were taken out, and by putting them afterward together in the same order, had again made a Ship of them, this, without doubt, had also been the same Numerical Ship with that which was at the beginnings and so there would have been two Ships Numerically the same, which is absurd… But we must consider by what name anything is called when we inquire concerning the Identity of it… so that a Ship, which signifies Matter so figured, will be the same, as long as the Matter remains the same; but if no part of the Matter is the same, then it is Numerically another Ship; and if part of the Matter remains, and part is changed, then the Ship will be partly the same, and partly not the same.

   因为如果忒修斯的船（雅典的诡辩家们习惯于争论，通过不断的赔偿，在取出旧木板和放入新木板时所造成的差异）在所有木板都改变后，还是一艘最初的数字船；如果有人在取出旧木板时保留了它们，然后按照同样的顺序把它们放在一起，再把它们做成一艘船，毫无疑问，这艘船和最初的船也是同一艘数字船，所以会有两艘数字相同的船，这是荒谬的……但当我们询问它的身份时，我们必须考虑它的名字……这样，只要物质保持不变，一艘代表如此计算的物质的船就会是一样的；但如果物质的任何部分都不相同，那么它在数字上就是另一艘船；如果物质的一部分仍然存在，而另一部分发生了变化，那么这艘船将部分保持不变，部分则有所不同。

看官大人，您的看法？

参考资料：

[1] 忒修斯之船，哲学问题，百度百科

https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%BF%92%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E8%88%B9/19890027

[2] Locke on Personal Identity, 2019-02-11, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-personal-identity/

[3] History Defined, The Philosophical Conundrum of the Ship of Theseus

https://www.historydefined.net/ship-of-theseus/

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