[资料，科普] 量子力学的哥本哈根诠释（2）： Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics

以下对应英文的汉语，来自机器翻译。

机器翻译的某些术语，有待您进一步自行核对。

   量子力学的哥本哈根诠释 Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics，一些英文资料如下：

一、复习：大英百科全书 Copenhagen interpretation

https://www.britannica.com/event/Solvay-Conferences#ref1224896

   Chaired by Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz and running from October 24 to 29, 1927, the fifth physics conference was devoted to “electrons and photons” but was dominated by disputes about the ideas behind quantum mechanics. Beginning in 1925, Danish physicist Niels Bohr and German physicists Werner Heisenberg and Max Born, among others, had formed what came to be known as the “Copenhagen interpretation” of quantum mechanics, which postulated that the indeterminacy in the theory (i.e., that only the probability of a result could be predicted) was fundamental and should be accepted by scientists. There was no underlying deterministic order to be found. Some physicists, most notably German physicist Albert Einstein, did not accept the Copenhagen interpretation and felt that its reliance on indeterminacy showed that quantum mechanics still was not a complete theory. That dispute was foregrounded at the 1927 conference. Bohr, Heisenberg, and Born were not able to win Einstein over, but the dissemination of the Copenhagen interpretation among physicists was accelerated by the conference, and it eventually became the prevailing view of quantum mechanics.

   第五届物理会议由荷兰物理学家Hendrik Lorentz主持，于1927年10月24日至29日举行，专门讨论“电子和光子”，但主要是关于量子力学背后思想的争议。从1925年开始，丹麦物理学家尼尔斯·玻尔、德国物理学家维尔纳·海森堡和马克斯·玻恩等人形成了后来被称为量子力学的“哥本哈根解释”，该解释假设理论中的不确定性（即只能预测结果的概率）是根本性的，应该被科学家接受。没有发现潜在的确定性顺序。一些物理学家，尤其是德国物理学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，不接受哥本哈根解释，并认为其对不确定性的依赖表明量子力学仍然不是一个完整的理论。这场争论在1927年的会议上得到了强调。玻尔、海森堡和玻恩未能赢得爱因斯坦的支持，但这次会议加速了哥本哈根解释在物理学家中的传播，最终成为量子力学的主流观点。

二、复习：第一部分，Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/

   In fact Bohr and Heisenberg never totally agreed on how to understand the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics, and neither of them ever used the term “the Copenhagen interpretation” as a joint name for their ideas. In fact, Bohr once distanced himself from what he considered to be Heisenberg’s more subjective interpretation (APHK, p. 51). The term is rather a label introduced by people opposing Bohr’s idea of complementarity, to identify what they saw as the common features behind the Bohr-Heisenberg interpretation as it emerged in the late 1920s. Today the Copenhagen interpretation is mostly regarded as synonymous with indeterminism, Bohr’s correspondence principle, Born’s statistical interpretation of the wave function, and Bohr’s complementarity interpretation of certain atomic phenomena.

   事实上，玻尔和海森堡从未完全同意如何理解量子力学的数学形式主义，他们也从未使用“哥本哈根解释”一词作为他们想法的联合名称。事实上，玻尔曾与他认为海森堡更主观的解释保持距离（APHK，第51页）。该术语是由反对玻尔互补性思想的人引入的标签，以确定他们认为玻尔-海森堡解释在20世纪20年代末出现的共同特征。如今，哥本哈根解释大多被视为不确定性、玻尔对应原理、玻恩对波函数的统计解释和玻尔对某些原子现象的互补解释的同义词。

   But Bohr never talked about the collapse of the wave packet. Nor did it make sense for him to do so because this would mean that one must understand the wave function as referring to something physically real.

   但玻尔从未谈到波包的崩溃。他这样做也没有意义，因为这意味着人们必须将波函数理解为物理上真实的东西。

参考资料：

[1] 2023-07-19，量子力学/quantum mechanics/董光璧，张丽，中国大百科全书，第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=246593&Type=bkzyb&SubID=137861

   关于量子力学的诠释问题，存在着哥本哈根解释、多世界解释、隐变量解释、量子力学模态解释、修正的量子力学等等。虽然具体理论复杂多变，但其争论的实质都是围绕量子测量中波函数塌缩这一焦点，其分歧主要在于对塌缩理论的基本态度，具体有3个方面。①波函数的本质及其概率问题。②波函数是否塌缩及其物理过程。③量子力学完备性问题。

   基于这种考察，量子力学诠释问题可以分为两类，即塌缩论者和非塌缩论者。前者的主要代表是被称为量子力学标准解释的哥本哈根解释。

[2] 2025-06-12，量子力学诠释/interpretation of quantum mechanics/孙昌璞，中国大百科全书，第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=215484&Type=bkzyb&SubID=146660

   关于量子力学波函数如何描述微观世界、刻画对微观体系的测量或观察的诠释。

[3] 2023-01-18，超距作用说与接触作用说/theory of action at distance and theory of action through medium/柳树滋撰，陈俊波修订，中国大百科全书，第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=456813&Type=bkzyb&SubID=137860

   超距作用说认为物体间的相互作用不需要通过媒介就能瞬时实现，接触作用说则认为物体间的相互作用需要借助媒介并且以有限的传递速度来实现。

   2015年11月，科研人员在期刊《物理评论快报》上发表的论文《基于纠缠光子的重要无漏洞贝尔定理测试》（Significant-Loophole-Free Test of Bell's Theorem with Entangled Photons）中表示，美国国家标准与技术研究院（NIST）的研究人员给出了可靠的证据，证明量子纠缠的确存在。由此，超距作用说与接触作用说的冲突便以新的形式呈现了出来。

[4] 科普中国，2021-12-31，哥本哈根解释

https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=219299

[5] Elizabeth Gibney. Physicists disagree wildly on what quantum mechanics says about reality, Nature survey shows [J]. 2025, 643: 1175-1179

doi:  10.1038/d41586-025-02342-y

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-02342-y

[6] Copenhagen interpretation, physics, history of Solvay Conferences, britannica

https://www.britannica.com/event/Solvay-Conferences#ref1224896

https://www.britannica.com/science/Copenhagen-interpretation

[7] Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, 2024-05-31, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/  

以前的《科学网》相关博文链接：

[1] 2025-8-11 20:12，[资料，科普] 量子力学的哥本哈根诠释（1） Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1497290.html

[2] 2022-06-08 15:39，[找茬，物理学] 为什么说量子理论是“民科们”的经验公式？

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1342108.html

感谢您的指教！

感谢您指正以上任何错误！

感谢您提供更多的相关资料！