Citation
Choiński A, Denega W, Macias A, et al. (2025) Examples and effects of avalanches on the surface of mountain lakes: Morskie Oko, a case study from Poland (Tatra Mountains). Journal of Mountain Science 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-024-9180-0
封面文章
莫尔斯基湖（Morskie Oko，也称“海洋之眼”）是波兰塔特拉山脉中最大的冰川湖，是由持续的地质、气候和地貌过程塑造而成的高山环境的典范。它位于海拔 1393 米处，面积 33 公顷，最大深度达 51.8 米。周围是近 2500 米高的花岗岩山峰，湖景反映了自然之美与强大的山力之间的微妙平衡。湖面与周围山峰之间超过 1000 米的巨大海拔差异，使得莫尔斯基湖特别容易受到动态地貌活动的影响，包括落石、泥石流，最重要的是雪崩。这些过程对于改变湖泊的水深测量和沉积模式至关重要，随着时间的推移逐渐重塑其湖岸线并降低其深度。
《山地科学学报（英文）》（Journal of Mountain Science）22 卷 2 期的封面图片展示了从北岸向南眺望塔特拉山脉雄伟山峰的景色。在这些陡峭山坡的底部，由风化岩石碎片持续向下坡移动形成的岩屑锥偶尔会延伸到湖边。在夏季，湖泊周围偶尔会发生落石和泥石流，导致湖泊淤积。然而，在冬季，莫尔斯基耶科湖面临着更为严重的地貌灾害——雪崩。马尔奇维奇峡谷——该地区最活跃的雪崩路径之一——经常将大量的雪和碎屑堆积在湖面的冰层上。这些雪崩不仅给许多冒险穿越冰面的游客带来了严重风险，还输送了大量的沉积物、粗粒岩石物质和连根拔起的植被，影响了湖泊的沉积物平衡和长期地貌演变。
理解雪崩活动在塑造高海拔湖泊方面的作用对于科学研究和环境管理至关重要。水深测量研究表明，反复的雪崩事件导致湖泊逐渐变浅，加速了其自然淤积过程。在气候变化的背景下，山区灾害与湖泊动态之间的这种相互作用变得越来越重要，这已经在莫尔斯基湖留下了印记。温度和冰盖条件的变化直接影响雪崩频率、沉积物输送和湖泊水文。
除了其科学意义之外，莫尔斯基湖仍是波兰游客最多、视觉上最迷人的景观之一。然而，由于气候驱动的变化改变了降雪模式、冰层形成和雪崩活动，该地区冬季旅游相关的风险正在增加。许多历史上的雪崩路径一直延伸到湖面，给穿越这片冰冻区域的人们带来了被低估的危险。这些因素凸显了对雪崩预测、湖泊沉积率以及高海拔淡水生态系统长期保护策略进行进一步研究的必要性。
莫尔斯基湖不仅是一处令人叹为观止的自然地标，也是研究气候、地貌和山区灾害之间动态相互作用的活生生的实验室。随着它的不断演变，它证明了塑造山区景观的强大力量，也表明了对高山环境未来进行持续科学探索的迫切需求。
=====》点击右边的链接或者直接下载 阅读全文 JMS 202502 cover article.pdf
Cover Story
Morskie Oko, the largest glacial lake in the Polish Tatra Mountains, exemplifies a high-mountain environment shaped by ongoing geological, climatic, and geomorphic processes. Nestled at 1,393 m above sea level, it spans 33 ha and reaches a maximum depth of 51.8 m. Surrounded by granite peaks rising close to 2,500 m, the lake’s view reflects a delicate balance between natural beauty and powerful mountain forces. The dramatic elevation differences, exceeding 1,000 m between the lake surface and the surrounding summits, make Morskie Oko particularly vulnerable to dynamic geomorphic activity, including rockfalls, debris flows, and, most significantly, avalanches. These processes are critical in modifying the lake’s bathymetry and sedimentation patterns, gradually reshaping its shoreline and reducing its depth over time.
The cover picture in the Journal of Mountain Science (Vol. 22, No. 2) presents a view from the northern shore, looking south toward the imposing peaks of the Tatra range. At the base of these steep slopes, talus cones formed by the continuous downslope movement of weathered rock fragments occasionally reach the lake’s edge. During the summer, the lake’s surroundings experience sporadic rockfalls and debris flows, contributing to its infill. In winter, however, Morskie Oko is exposed to a far more significant geomorphic hazard – snow avalanches. Marchwiczny Gully – one of the most active avalanche paths in the region – regularly deposits massive amounts of snow and debris onto the lake’s frozen surface. These avalanches not only present a serious risk to visitors, many of whom venture across the ice-covered lake, but also transport large quantities of sediment, coarse rock material, and uprooted vegetation, influencing the lake’s sediment budget and long-term geomorphological evolution.
Understanding the role of avalanche activity in shaping high-altitude lakes is essential for scientific research and environmental management. Bathymetric studies reveal that repeated avalanche events contribute to the gradual shallowing of the lake, accelerating its natural infill processes. This interplay between mountain hazards and lake dynamics is increasingly important in the context of climate change, which has already left its mark on Morskie Oko. The shifts in thermal and ice cover conditions directly affect avalanche frequency, sediment transport, and lake hydrology.
Beyond its scientific significance, Morskie Oko remains one of Poland’s most visited and visually captivating landscapes. However, as climate-driven changes alter snowfall patterns, ice formation, and avalanche activity, the risks associated with winter tourism in the area are increasing. Many historical avalanche paths extend well into the lake’s surface area, posing an underestimated hazard to those crossing the frozen expanse. These factors underscore the need for further research into avalanche forecasting, lake sedimentation rates, and long-term conservation strategies for high-altitude freshwater ecosystems.
Morskie Oko is not only a breathtaking natural landmark but also a living laboratory for studying dynamic interactions among climate, geomorphology, and mountain hazards. As it continues to evolve, it stands as a testament to the powerful forces shaping mountain landscapes and the urgent need for continued scientific inquiry into the future of alpine environments.
作者简介
通讯作者：Witold PINIARSKI博士
Witold Piniarski于 2020 年在波兰波兹南的亚当·密茨凯维奇大学（AMU）地理与地质科学学院获得地球与环境科学博士学位，自 2021 年起在该校担任助理教授。作为其博士论文的一部分，他对大波兰地区进行了自然地理小区的划分（2020 年），并为《波兰区域自然地理》（2021 年）的出版做出了贡献。他的科学兴趣和研究主要集中在利用地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感，特别是无人驾驶飞行器（UAV）进行景观结构分析，以获取、处理和可视化空间数据。他还研究气候变化，尤其是在山区生态系统方面。他最近的工作扩展到生态系统服务（ESs）和环境管理，特别是在年轻的冰川景观方面。此外，他还担任 AMU 地理与地质科学学院学生地理科学俱乐部（SKNG）环境发展与保护部门的科学指导老师。SKNG 成立于 1922/1923 学年，是波兰最古老的学生科学协会之一，该协会是在杰出地理学家、波兹南地理中心创始人斯坦尼斯瓦夫·帕夫洛夫斯基教授的赞助下成立的。
Witold Piniarski obtained a PhD in Earth and Environmental Sciences in 2020 from the Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland (AMU), where he has been working as an Assistant Professor since 2021. As part of his dissertation, he developed a division of the Greater Poland area into physical-geographical microregions (2020) and contributed to the publication Regional Physical Geography of Poland (2021). His scientific interests and research primarily focus on landscape structure analysis using geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing, particularly uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), for spatial data acquisition, processing, and visualization. He also investigates climate change, especially in mountain ecosystems. His recent work extends to ecosystem services (ESs) and environmental management, particularly in young glacial landscapes. Additionally, he serves as the scientific supervisor of the Environmental Development and Protection Section of the Student Geographical Science Club (SKNG) at AMU’s Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences. Established in the 1922/1923 academic year, SKNG is one of Poland’s oldest student scientific associations, founded under the patronage of Professor Stanisław Pawłowski, a distinguished geographer and the founder of the Poznań geographical center.
第一作者：Adam CHOIŃSKI教授
Adam Choiński从波兰波兹南亚当·密茨凯维奇大学开始从事学术研究，目前是该校地理与地质科学学院教授。他撰写了 400 多篇（部）论文和论著，涵盖物理海洋学、水文地质学、地面地质学、河流学、极地水文学、水文和水文地质绘图以及物理湖沼学。他的主要著作之一是《波兰物理湖沼学》（2007 年）。他还共同编辑并参与了《莫尔斯基·奥科——自然与人类》（2014 年）。他的许多研究成果都源于在山区、低地和沿海地区的广泛实地测量。他指导了 200 多篇硕士论文和 7 篇博士论文，并在各所大学评审了约 40 篇博士、副教授和教授的论文。
Adam Choiński is a full professor at the Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland), where he has pursued his academic career. He has authored more than 400 publications spanning physical oceanography, hydrogeology, crenology, potamology, polar-zone hydrology, hydrographic and hydrogeological mapping, and physical limnology. Among his major works is Physical Limnology of Poland (2007). He also co-edited and contributed to Morskie Oko – nature and humans (2014). Many of his studies resulted from extensive field measurements in mountainous regions, lowlands, and coastal zones. He has supervised over 200 master’s theses and seven doctoral dissertations and reviewed approximately 40 doctoral, habilitation, and professorial proceedings at various universities.
第二作者：Wojciech DENEGA独立研究者
Wojciech Denega是一位独立研究员，毕业于波兰格利维采的西里西亚工业大学，他曾在这里担任研究工程师一职数年。在过去的四十年里，他一直在塔特拉山脉的莫尔斯基湖的山区避难所工作，对自然现象有着深厚的热情。他在莫尔斯基湖长时间的居住使他能够目睹并记录罕见事件，如坡面泥石流、雪崩和冰的变化过程及其后果。他还密切观察塔特拉山脉的动植物，包括当地的植物物种、鸟类、鹿、岩羚羊和熊。
Wojciech Denega is an independent researcher and a graduate of the Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice (Poland), where he worked for several years as an engineer in a research position. For the past forty years, he has been employed at the mountain shelter by Morskie Oko in the Tatra Mountains, nurturing a deep passion for natural phenomena. His long-term residence at Morskie Oko has allowed him to witness and document rare events, such as slope debris avalanches, snow avalanches, and ice processes, along with their consequences. He also closely observes the Tatra Mountains’ flora and fauna, including local plant species, birds, deer, chamois, and bears.
第三作者：Andrzej Macias教授
Andrzej Macias 是位于波兰波兹南的亚当密茨凯维奇大学地理与地质科学学院的教授。他的研究兴趣涵盖综合地理学和景观生态学，重点关注自然地理分区、环境管理、人为压力、景观演变、湖泊保护和社会生态学制图。他撰写了 200 多篇出版物，并共同编辑或合著了诸如《波兰区域自然地理学》（2021 年）、《大波兰省的自然地理区域》（2021 年）、《大波兰省景观公园中的湖泊》（2016 年）和《空间管理的自然基础》（2013 年、2014 年、2022 年）等作品。他指导了3篇博士论文和近 140 篇硕士论文，并在国家和地区层面的众多委员会和科学理事会中表现活跃。
Andrzej Macias is a full professor at the Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland). His research interests span integrative geography and landscape ecology, focusing on physical-geographical regionalization, environmental management, anthropogenic pressure, landscape evolution, lake protection, and sozological cartography. He has authored over 200 publications and co-edited or co-authored works such as Regional Physical Geography of Poland (2021), Physical-geographical Regions of the Greater Poland Voivodeship (2021), Lakes in the Landscape Parks of the Greater Poland Voivodeship (2016), and Natural Foundations of Spatial Management (2013, 2014, 2022). He has supervised three doctoral dissertations and nearly 140 master’s theses and is active in numerous committees and scientific councils at both national and regional levels.
转载本文请联系原作者获取授权，同时请注明本文来自邱敦莲科学网博客。
链接地址：https://wap.sciencenet.cn/blog-314423-1480583.html?mobile=1
收藏
