Citation
Catelan FT, Bossi G, Schenato L, et al. (2025) Long-term monitoring of active large-scale landslides for non-structural risk mitigation - integrated sensors and web-based platform. Journal of Mountain Science 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-024-9211-x
封面文章（Volume 22 Number 1, 2025）
大型缓慢移动的滑坡以及深部重力斜坡变形（Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations, DSGSD）因其持续不断的移动，会损坏道路、隧道和管道，从而对长距离线性基础设施构成重大威胁。为了减轻这些危害，最佳做法通常是采用监测之类的非工程措施，至少在初步应对阶段是如此。对这些滑坡的监测将有助于识别斜坡上可能因次生滑坡而失稳的潜在区域，为决策者提供有关道路安全的数据，并设定警报阈值。
位于意大利北部南蒂罗尔自治省的甘德伯格滑坡(Ganderberg Landslide) ，其形成的深部重力斜坡变形覆盖面积约 4 平方公里，且与一条连接意大利和奥地利的道路相交。1401 年，深部重力斜坡变形的部分滑坡痕迹区域发生崩塌，形成了滑坡堰塞坝，并形成了一个深 35 米的水库，名为库默尔湖（Kummersee，又称Lake of Sorrow, 悲伤之湖）。在接下来的一个世纪里，滑坡堰塞坝溃决造成下游河谷地区人员伤亡。
在封面照片中，我们可以看到，在Passer河可见河段的顶部，是1401年滑坡堰塞坝的残余部分。滑坡堰塞坝在河流纵剖面上形成了一个明显的台阶，在深层重力斜坡变形的坡脚处（照片右侧），在不到 2 公里的距离内海拔下降了 190 米。为了消散河流的水流能量，一共建造了 66 座拦沙坝。然而，考虑到深部重力斜坡变形在坡脚移动，这些拦沙坝建造时带有独立的翼墙，这些翼墙可以滑动，并通过允许一定的位移来减轻结构的负荷。其中一座新建的拦沙坝还配备了用于取水的钢格栅。通过这种方式，部分河水被引入微型水轮机，从而将具有潜在危险的能量转化为有用的电能，实现可持续的电力生产。
如今，在甘德伯格的滑坡痕迹区又发现了另一块岩板，它有可能发生崩塌并形成新的滑坡堰塞坝，这将给下游人口密集的河谷地区带来极大的风险。目前，一流的永久性全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）正在对这块岩板进行持续监测，但新的滑坡堰塞坝的危险始终存在。人类建造的结构能否经受住自然景观的演变呢？在未来的几百年里，自然事件与人类应对措施之间的辩证关系将如何发展呢？这正是《山地科学学报（英文）》第 22卷第1期封面图片的主题。
本期封面文章由意大利国家研究委员会地质水文保护研究所、摩德纳雷焦艾米利亚大学、帕多瓦大学、博洛尼亚大学等机构的学者共同撰写。
点击右面"阅读全文"的链接或者下载附上的PDF ===》阅读全文 202501 JMS cover article.pdf
Cover Story
Large slow-moving landslides and Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations (DSGSD) constitute a significant hazard to long linear infrastructures since their unremitting movements can damage roads, tunnels and pipelines. To mitigate their hazard, the best practice is usually to rely on non-structural methods such as monitoring, at least on a first approach basis. Monitoring will then support the identification of potential portions of the slope that can be unstabilized as secondary landslides, providing data for decision-makers regarding road safety and setting alert thresholds.
The Ganderberg DSGSD covers an area of approximately 4 square kilometer intercepts a road connecting Italy to Austria. In 1401 a portion of the scar of the DSGSD detached, forming a landslide dam and a 35 m deep impoundment lake named Kummersee (Lake of Grief). The following landslide breach caused several casualties along the downstream valley in the following century.
In the cover photo, we can see, at the top of the visible tract of the Passer River, the remnant of the 1401 landslide dam. The geomorphic effect of the landslide dam was the creation of a significant step along the river profile, with a 190 m drop in altitude in less than 2 km at the foot of the DSGSD (on the right in the photo). To dissipate the river flow energy, 66 check dams were built. However, to account for the movements of the toe of the DSGSD, the check dams were built with detached wings that could slide and unload the structure by allowing some displacements. One of these new check dams has also been equipped with a steel grid for water intake. In this way, a part of the discharge is funnelled to a micro-hydroelectric turbine, putting the potentially hazardous energy of the flow to good use for sustainable power production.
Now, another rock slab has been identified in the Ganderberg scar, threatening detachment and forming a new landslide dam that would create extreme risk conditions to the highly populated downstream valley. The slab is continuously monitored through a top-notch permanent GNSS, but the hazard of a new landslide dam constantly exists. Will the human-built structures withstand the natural evolution of the landscape? How will the dialectic between events and human response occur in the next hundreds of years? This is the main theme of the cover picture in Volume 22 Number 1 in Journal of Mountain Science.
The cover article is coauthored by the scholars in Italy from Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, National Research Council (CNR-IRPI), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,University of Padova, University of Bologna, and Office for Geology and Building Materials Testing, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, respectively.
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