[资料，科普] 量子力学的哥本哈根诠释（3）： 玻尔 Bohr 观点的概括

   网上常见的说法：“量子力学的哥本哈根诠释”，并没有哥本哈根学派自己给出的“官方”版本。

   事实上，玻尔和海森堡从未完全同意如何理解量子力学的数学形式主义，他们也从未使用“哥本哈根解释”一词作为他们想法的联合名称。

   量子力学的哥本哈根诠释 Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics，玻尔（Niels Henrik David Bohr, 1885-10-07 ~ 1962-11-18）观点，被别人概括如下：

一、复习：第二部分，Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/

   Bohr’s more mature view, i.e., his view after the EPR paper, on complementarity and the interpretation of quantum mechanics may be summarized in the following points:

   1. The interpretation of a physical theory has to rely on an experimental practice.

   2. The experimental practice presupposes a certain pre-scientific practice of description, which establishes the norm for experimental measurement apparatus, and consequently what counts as scientific experience.

   3. Our pre-scientific practice of understanding our environment is an adaptation to the sense experience of separation, orientation, identification and reidentification over time of physical objects.

   4. This pre-scientific experience is grasped in terms of common categories like thing’s position and change of position, duration and change of duration, and the relation of cause and effect, terms and principles that are now parts of our common language.

   5. These common categories yield the preconditions for objective knowledge, and any description of nature has to use these concepts to be objective.

   6. The concepts of classical physics are merely exact specifications of the above categories.

   7. The classical concepts—and not classical physics itself—are therefore necessary in any description of physical experience in order to understand what we are doing and to be able to communicate our results to others, in particular in the description of quantum phenomena as they present themselves in experiments;

   8. Planck’s empirical discovery of the quantization of action requires a revision of the foundation for the use of classical concepts, because they are not all applicable at the same time. Their use is well defined only if they apply to experimental interactions in which the quantization of action can be regarded as negligible.

   9. In experimental cases where the quantization of action plays a significant role, the application of a classical concept does not refer to independent properties of the object; rather the ascription of either kinematic or dynamic properties to the object as it exists independently of a specific experimental interaction is ill-defined.

   10. The quantization of action demands a limitation of the use of classical concepts so that these concepts apply only to a phenomenon, which Bohr understood as the macroscopic manifestation of a measurement on the object, i.e. the uncontrollable interaction between the object and the apparatus.

   11. The quantum mechanical description of the object differs from the classical description of the measuring apparatus, and this requires that the object and the measuring device should be separated in the description, but the line of separation is not the one between macroscopic instruments and microscopic objects. It has been argued in detail (Howard 1994) that Bohr pointed out that parts of the measuring device may sometimes be treated as parts of the object in the quantum mechanical description.

   12. The quantum mechanical formalism does not provide physicists with a ‘pictorial’ representation: the ψ-function does not, as Schrödinger had hoped, represent a new kind of reality. Instead, as Born suggested, the square of the absolute value of the ψ-function expresses a probability density for the outcome of a measurement. Due to the fact that the wave equation involves an imaginary quantity this equation can have only a symbolic character, but the formalism may be used to predict the outcome of a measurement that establishes the conditions under which concepts like position, momentum, time and energy apply to the phenomena.

   13. The ascription of these classical concepts to the phenomena of measurements rely on the experimental context of the phenomena, so that the entire setup provides us with the defining conditions for the application of kinematic and dynamic concepts in the domain of quantum physics.

   14. Such phenomena are complementary in the sense that their manifestations depend on mutually exclusive measurements, but that the information gained through these various experiments exhausts all possible objective knowledge of the object.

参考资料：

[1] Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, 2024-05-31, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/

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