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[资料,科普,感慨] 布里丹之驴 Buridan\'s Ass

已有 484 次阅读 2025-7-29 21:11 |个人分类:先进的信息理论与技术|系统分类:科研笔记

[资料,科普,感慨] 布里丹之驴 Buridan's Ass

          

          

Buridan’s ass image-22.png

图1  布里丹之驴 Buridan's Ass

用华夫饼 waffle 代替了干草 hay。

https://philosophics.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/image-22.png

https://philosophics.blog/2022/05/11/buridans-ass/

          

   布里丹之驴 Buridan's Ass:

   一头饥饿的驴站在两堆相同的干草之间。驴子总是选择离它最近的干草。两个干草的距离完全相同,一个在它的右边,另一个在左边,它们在各方面都是相同的。驴子会选择吃哪堆干草?

   由于驴子不知道该怎么选择干草,最后饿死了。

          

一、大英百科全书

   作为因果关系原则的捍卫者,Buridan断言了传统道德决定论的修改版本,宣称人们必须将自己视为更大的利益,但意志可以通过建议对动机的价值进行更彻底的探究来延迟理性的判断。著名的寓言“布里丹的驴”说明了在两个明显相同的项目之间进行特定道德选择的困境,尽管布里丹对亚里士多德的《论天堂》的评论中提到的动物实际上是一只狗,而不是一只驴。他的讨论集中在在摆在他面前的两个等量的食物之间进行选择的方法上。他辨别出这两个项目的信息对称性和偏好对称性,得出结论,必须随机选择;这一结果引发了对概率论的研究。

   A defender of the principle of causality, Buridan asserted a modified version of traditional moral determinism, declaring that men must will what presents itself as the greater good but that the will is free to delay the reason’s judgment by suggesting a more thorough inquiry into the value of motives. The dilemma of a particular kind of moral choice, between two evidently identical items, is illustrated by the celebrated allegory of “Buridan’s ass,” though the animal mentioned in Buridan’s commentary on Aristotle’s De caelo (“On the Heavens”) is actually a dog, not an ass. His discussion centres on the method by which the dog chooses between two equal amounts of food placed before him. Discerning both a symmetry of information and a symmetry of preference about the two items, he concludes that the dog must choose at random; this outcome leads to the investigation of theories of probability.

          

二、斯坦福哲学百科全书

   It is also in Buridan’s moral psychology that we find the most plausible explanation of the example which has come down to us known as ‘Buridan’s Ass’, in which a donkey starves to death because it has no reason to choose between two equidistant and equally tempting piles of hay. This particular example is nowhere to be found in Buridan’s writings, although there are versions of it going back at least to Aristotle (see De Caelo 295b32).[57] The best explanation of its association with Buridan is that it originated as a parody of his account of free choice by later critics, who found absurd the idea that the will’s freedom could consist in inaction, i.e., its ability to defer or ‘send back’ for further consideration any practical judgment which is not absolutely certain, leaving the donkey free, but dead.

   也正是在Buridan的道德心理学中,我们找到了对我们所熟知的“Buridan驴”这个例子最合理的解释,在这个例子中,一头驴饿死了,因为它没有理由在两堆等距且同样诱人的干草之间做出选择。这个特殊的例子在 Buridan 的著作中找不到,尽管至少有亚里士多德的版本(见De Caelo 295b32)。[57]对它与布里丹的联系的最好解释是,它起源于后来的评论家对他关于自由选择的描述的模仿,他们认为遗嘱的自由可能在于不作为的想法是荒谬的,即它有能力推迟或“发回”任何不绝对确定的实际判断,让驴子自由,但死了。

          

三、打听:“布里丹之驴 Buridan's Ass”和“停机问题 Halting Problem”之间是什么关系?

      

       

参考资料:

[1] 2022-01-20,布里丹,J. /John Buridan/胡龙彪,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=135425&Type=bkzyb&SubID=101959

   他认为人类幸福并不在于自由意志,更在于理智选择行为;自由意志只是实现幸福的自决力量。人们面对可供选择的行为路线,理智总会选择更大的善,除非无知或者遇到障碍。只有当理智无法决定备选方案哪一方优势更明显,自由意志才发挥作用,使得人们可能暂时搁置选择,以便更全面地评估选择结果以做出更优判断。这一观念后来被一个名为 “布里丹之驴”(Buridan's Ass)的悖论夸大或曲解。

[2] Jean Buridan, French philosopher and scientist, britannica

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Buridan#ref217838

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buridans-ass

[3] John Buridan, 2024-01-24, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buridan/

[4] 2022-01-20,逻辑/logic/周礼全、诸葛殷同撰,杜国平修订,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=89210&Type=bkzyb&SubID=52011

[5] 科普中国,2021-12-31,抽象思维

https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=334248  

   因此,不管你过去是多么地近乎本能的习惯于形象思维和抽象思维相互干扰的混合状态,你现在在一些相对重要得问题上必须强迫自己进行一个完整的抽象思维过程。这种要求在社会科学领域尤其迫切。通过第四讲的学习你将了解,抽象思维本身已不是尽善尽美的思维方法,它和现实的本来面目已存在距离,在社会科学领域比比皆是的逻辑混乱的做法,更让以抽象思维为基础的“社会科学”远离了科学范畴。

   研究客体的能动性和社会性导致的复杂加大了社会科学的抽象思维的困难,但社会科学的抽象思维的低水平主要还是因为人们忘了严密的抽象思维都有哪些要求

[6] 科普中国,2021-12-31,停机问题

https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=283223

[7] Turing Machines, 2025-05-21, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/#TuriBasiProbCIRCPRINEnts

   2.4 The Halting Problem and the Entscheidungsproblem

               

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