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Nature近期文章*提出疑问:为何突破性的科学发现越来越难以实现?文章围绕“颠覆性”与“新颖性”科学成果的潜在影响力衰退展开研究,探讨背后的原因与可能的应对策略。但颠覆性成果的影响力衰退,是科研生态的真实反映,还是测度方法的偏差?
JDIS最新发表的一项研究基于1950–2016年间近2900万篇论文的数据,采用泊松回归模型,系统考察了论文“颠覆性”(以CD指数衡量)与其被引情况之间的关系。研究发现,颠覆性成果的”影响衰退“可能只是假象。
核心发现
01|表面现象
CD指数高的论文,其相对被引量确实在逐年下降;CD指数与论文被引量的相关性已经从早期(即1960年以前)的正相关性逐渐演化为了负相关性;颠覆性论文影响力下降的趋势在控制了团队规模、科学领域等因素后依然成立,且与引文时间窗口等因素无关。
Figure 1. Basic yearly split-sample Poisson regression coefficients of the CD index on citation counts from 1950 to 2016. Error bars depict the upper and lower bounds of the 95% confidence intervals based on robust standard errors. Dark-red coloring indicates significant positive coefficients (p <0.05), and light-red coloring indicates non-significant positive coefficients. Dark-green coloring indicates significant negative coefficients (p <0.05), light-green coloring indicates non-significant negative coefficients. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
02|深层机制
当使用固定效应模型严格控制论文的参考文献数量后(及将参考文献数量作为一种固定效应),这种“负相关”反转为显著正相关,且颠覆性论文的影响力甚至在近几年呈现上升趋势!此外,基于参考文献数量进行分样本回归,CD指数和被引量也呈现出一致的正相关性。也就是说,CD指数原本显示出的“冷遇”,实则是由于其对参考文献数量的高度敏感性;
Figure 2. Yearly split-sample Poisson regression coefficients of the CD index on citation counts from 1950 to 2016, with (a) 292 fields fixed effect, (b) reference count fixed effect, (c) team size fixed effects, and (d) all fixed effects. Error bars depict the upper and lower bounds of the 95% confidence intervals based on robust standard errors. Dark-red coloring indicates significant positive coefficients (p<0.05), and light-red coloring indicates non-significant positive coefficients. Dark-green coloring indicates significant negative coefficients (p <0.05), light-green coloring indicates non-significant negative coefficients. * p < 0.05, ** p< 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
03|引用行为的关键作用
伴随科研活动不断发展,论文平均参考文献数快速上升,近70年论文平均参考文献从10篇增至37篇。CD指数受到系统性“引用膨胀”的影响,导致其低估颠覆性研究的影响力,这一现象可以从CD指数的计算公式及相关参数的演化来量化。
Figure 3. Reference counts as a contributing factor to the bias against CD index. (a) The average reference count of papers increases over time. (b) The average 5-year citation count of papers increases over time. (c) The average 5-year CD index of papers decreases over time. (d) Papers with higher reference count are associated with higher 5-year citation count. (e) Papers with higher reference count are associated with higher 5-year CD index. (f) Papers with higher reference count are associated with higher parameters of 5-year CD index (ni, nj, and nk). (g) The number of papers with different reference count follows lognormal distribution. (h-i) The complementary cumulative distribution function (ccdf) and probability density function (pdf) of the CD index for papers with varying reference counts. Shaded areas indicate 95% confidence intervals.
补充指标验证
研究还考察了几种替代性的创新度量指标,包括:
(1) 新词数量:一篇论文首次引入的独特单词(unigrams)的数量;(2) 新词复用:论文引入的新词数量,按其未来被复用的程度加权;(3) 新词组合:论文中首次出现的成对词汇组合数量;(4) 新词组合复用:新词组合数量,按其未来被复用的程度加权;(5) 非典型知识组合;(6) 颠覆性引用等。
与CD指数不同,这些指标不太可能受到引用模式的影响,均与被引次数保持稳定正相关,并且均未体现出创新成果影响力下降的证据。
研究启示
● CD指数中的偏差并不意味着颠覆性研究“失宠”,而是其计算公式及参数受到引用模式演变的干扰;
● 在学术评估中使用CD指数时,应严格控制参考文献数量,避免误判;
● 鼓励引入多元创新度量指标,构建更公平、全面的科研评价体系。
* Matthews, D. (2025). Are groundbreaking science discoveries becoming harder to find?. Nature, 641(8064), 836-839. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-025-01548-4
Research Papers
Beyond surface correlations: Reference behavior mediates the disruptiveness-citation relationship
超越表面关联:引用行为在颠覆性与学术影响力关系中的中介效应
Alex J. Yang(杨杰), Fanming Wang(王凡铭), Yujie Shi(施宇杰), Yiqin Zhang(张逸勤), Hao Wang(王昊), Sanhong Deng(邓三鸿)
南京大学信息管理学院,南京,210023,中国
DOI: 10.2478/jdis-2025-0029
CSTR: 32295.14.jdis-2025-0029
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