图0：融智学“文意物”现象三分框架
图1. 按主题分组思维导图
图2. 按地域分组思维导图
图3. 按时间分组思维导图
化繁为简且以简驭繁：唯文论英汉对照49个（主义/论）哲学术语
1. Absolutism 绝对主义
The view that truth or morality is absolute, universal, and unchanging, not relative to context or perspective.
主张真理或道德是绝对的、普遍的、永恒不变的，不依赖于情境或视角。
2. Absurdism 荒诞主义
The philosophical thesis that human beings exist in a meaningless, irrational universe and that any attempt to find inherent meaning must fail, yet one should embrace this absurdity.
认为人类存在于无意义、非理性的宇宙中，任何寻找内在意义的尝试终将失败，但人应接受并拥抱这种荒诞。
3. Aestheticism 唯美主义
A late 19th-century movement advocate that art exists for the sake of beauty alone, and that it need serve no political, didactic, or other purpose.
19世纪末的艺术运动，主张艺术只为美而存在，无需服务于政治、道德或其他目的。
4. Altruism 利他主义
The principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others, acting selflessly to benefit others.
关心他人福祉、无私地使他人受益的原则或实践。
5. Anarchism 无政府主义
A political philosophy that advocates stateless societies based on voluntary cooperation and rejects hierarchical authority.
倡导基于自愿合作的无国家社会、拒绝等级制权威的政治哲学。
6. Anthropocentrism 人类中心主义
The belief that human beings are the most significant entity in the universe and that reality should be interpreted in terms of human values and experiences.
认为人类是宇宙中最重要实体，现实应依据人类价值和经验来解释的信念。
7. Atheism 无神论
The absence of belief in the existence of deities; the view that no gods exist.
缺乏对神存在之信仰；认为无神存在的观点。
8. Capitalism 资本主义
An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the creation of goods and services for profit in a market.
以生产资料私有制、在市场中为利润而生产商品和服务为特征的经济制度。
9. Collectivism 集体主义
The moral stance, political philosophy, or social outlook that emphasizes the priority of the group over the individual.
强调集体优先于个人的道德立场、政治哲学或社会观。
10. Constructivism 建构主义
A theory of knowledge arguing that humans generate knowledge and meaning from the interaction between their experiences and their ideas.
认为人类通过经验与观念的互动来生成知识和意义的知识理论。
11. Cynicism 犬儒主义
Originally an ancient Greek school主张 virtue through simple living and rejection of social conventions; now often denotes a distrust of others' motives.
原指古希腊通过简朴生活与拒绝世俗规范追求美德的学派，现常指怀疑他人动机的态度。
12. Deductionism 演绎主义
The methodological view that emphasizes deduction as the primary mode of inference in acquiring knowledge.
强调演绎推理作为知识获取主要方式的方法论观点。
13. Determinism 决定论
The philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes.
认为所有事件完全由先前原因决定的哲学观点。
14. Dualism 二元论
The view that reality consists of two fundamentally different and irreducible substances or principles, such as mind and matter.
认为实在由两种根本不同且不可还原的实体或原则（如心灵与物质）构成的观点。
15. Eclecticism 折衷主义
A conceptual approach that selects and combines elements from diverse systems of thought without adhering to any single one.
从不同思想体系中选取并组合要素，而不固守任何单一体系的概念方法。
16. Egalitarianism 平均主义
A school of thought that favors equality for all people, often in terms of political, social, and economic rights.
主张所有人平等（常指政治、社会、经济权利）的思想流派。
17. Emotivism 情感主义
A meta-ethical theory that moral judgments express emotional attitudes rather than state facts.
主张道德判断表达情感态度而非陈述事实的元伦理学理论。
18. Empiricism 经验主义
A theory that all knowledge derives from sense-experience.
认为所有知识源于感觉经验的理论。
19. Epiphenomenalism 副现象论
The view in philosophy of mind that mental events are caused by physical events but have no causal effects on the physical world.
心灵哲学中的观点，认为心理事件由物理事件引起但对物理世界无因果作用。
20. Eternalism 永恒论
In philosophy of time, the view that past, present, and future are equally real.
时间哲学中的观点，认为过去、现在和未来同样真实。
21. Eudaimonism 幸福主义
An ethical theory that identifies happiness or human flourishing as the highest good.
将幸福或人的繁荣视为最高善的伦理学理论。
22. Existentialism 存在主义
A philosophy emphasizing individual existence, freedom, and choice, holding that humans define their own meaning in life.
强调个体存在、自由与选择的哲学，认为人自己定义生命的意义。
23. Extropy 有序主义
A measure of intelligence, information, energy, and vitality in a system; also a transhumanist philosophy pursuing technological advancement to overcome human limitations.
衡量系统中智能、信息、能量与活力的指标；亦指追求技术进步以超越人类局限的超人类主义哲学。
24. Feminism 女性主义
A range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes.
旨在定义并建立性别间政治、经济、个人与社会平等的一系列社会政治运动与意识形态。
25. Finalism (Teleology) 目的论
The explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes.
根据现象所服务的目的而非假设的原因来解释现象。
26. Free Will 自由意志
The capacity of agents to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.
行为主体在不同可能行动之间无阻碍选择的能力。
27. Hedonism 快乐主义
The ethical theory that pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of human life.
认为快乐是最高善及人生正当目标的伦理学理论。
28. Historicism 历史主义
The theory that social and cultural phenomena are determined by history and must be understood within their historical context.
认为社会文化现象由历史决定、必须在历史语境中理解的理论。
29. Idealism 唯心主义
The metaphysical view that reality is fundamentally mental or spiritually constructed.
认为实在根本上是由精神或心灵构成的形而上学观点。
30. Individualism 个人主义
The moral stance, political philosophy, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.
强调个体道德价值的道德立场、政治哲学或社会观。
31. Mysticism 神秘主义
The practice of religious ecstasies and experiences of direct union with the divine or ultimate reality.
通过宗教狂喜获得与神或终极实在直接合一之体验的实践。
32. Naturalism 自然主义
The philosophical view that everything arises from natural properties and causes, and supernatural explanations are excluded.
认为一切源于自然属性与原因、排除超自然解释的哲学观点。
33. Nihilism 虚无主义
The rejection of all religious and moral principles, often asserting that life has no objective meaning.
拒斥一切宗教与道德原则，常断言生命无客观意义。
34. Objectivism 客观主义
The philosophical system developed by Ayn Rand holding that reality exists independently of consciousness, that human beings gain knowledge through reason, and that the moral purpose of life is the pursuit of one's own happiness.
安·兰德创立的哲学体系，主张实在独立于意识而存在，人通过理性获得知识，生命的道德目的是追求自身幸福。
35. Optimism 乐观主义
The tendency to expect the best possible outcome or to dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation.
期待最佳结果或关注情境中最有希望方面的倾向。
36. Pantheism 泛神论
The belief that God or the divine is identical with the universe and its phenomena.
认为神或神圣者等同于宇宙及其现象的信念。
37. Perspectivism 观点主义
The philosophical view that all perceptions and ideas occur from a particular perspective, and that there is no single objective truth.
认为所有感知与观念都出自特定视角、不存在单一客观真理的哲学观点。
38. Pessimism 悲观主义
A tendency to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will happen.
看到事物最坏方面或相信最坏情况将发生的倾向。
39. Positivism 实证主义
A philosophical system recognizing only that which can be scientifically verified or logically proved, rejecting metaphysics and theism.
只承认可科学验证或逻辑证明之物的哲学体系，拒斥形而上学与有神论。
40. Rationalism 理性主义
The epistemological view that reason is the chief source and test of knowledge.
认为理性是知识主要来源与检验标准的认识论观点。
41. Realism 现实主义
In philosophy, the view that objects exist independently of our perception; in arts, the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully.
哲学中指对象独立于我们感知而存在的观点；艺术中指真实呈现主题的尝试。
42. Relativism 相对主义
The doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute.
主张知识、真理、道德相对于文化、社会或历史语境而存在、非绝对的信条。
43. Skepticism 怀疑论
A questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, or opinions/beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere.
对知识、事实或陈述为事实的意见/信念持质疑态度，或对其他地方被视为理所当然的断言持怀疑。
44. Stoicism 斯多葛主义
An ancient Greek school teaching that virtue is sufficient for happiness, and that one should be indifferent to pleasure and pain.
古希腊学派，教导美德足以带来幸福，人应对快乐与痛苦淡然处之。
45. Structuralism 结构主义
An approach to analyzing the cultural products that draws upon the idea that phenomena are to be understood in terms of the relations between them.
分析文化产品的方法，认为现象应依据它们之间的关系来理解。
46. Syncretism 融合主义
The combining of different beliefs and various schools of thought.
不同信仰与各种思想流派的结合。
47. Theism 有神论
Belief in the existence of a god or gods, especially belief in one God as creator and ruler of the universe.
相信神存在，尤信一位创造并统治宇宙的上帝。
48. Utilitarianism 功利主义
The ethical doctrine that the moral worth of an action is determined by its contribution to overall utility, usually defined as maximizing happiness and reducing suffering.
认为行为的道德价值取决于其对总体功用的贡献（通常定义为最大化幸福、减少痛苦）的伦理学信条。
49. Vitalism 生命力论
The doctrine that the functions of a living organism are due to a vital principle distinct from biochemical reactions.
主张生命有机体的功能源于一种不同于生化反应的生命原则的学说。
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