• 脂质 A:LPS 的脂质部分,嵌在细菌外膜的磷脂层中,是内毒素的主要毒性成分。不同革兰氏阴性菌的脂质 A 结构具有一定差异,但在同一菌株中结构基本相同。脂质 A 的任何结构变化都可能改变 LPS 的免疫效力并决定其毒性。此外,脂质 A 对于宿主受体的特异性识别非常重要,能够刺激宿主的免疫反应[2]。
• 特异性抗原:由多个寡糖重复单位组成,位于 LPS 的最外层,是 LPS 中变化最大的部分。O-特异性抗原的糖残基种类、长度、排列顺序和连接方式具有菌株特异性,决定了细菌的抗原特异性[2]。根据 O 抗原的差异可将大肠杆菌分为不同的血清群,如 O55、O111 等。
小贴士:举个例子,我们在诱导炎症模型中常用的 LPS, from E. coli O55: B5,它是来自于大肠杆菌 O55: B5 血清型的内毒素。其中,大肠杆菌血清型是大肠杆菌的一种分类方式,O55 代表了特异性 O 链中 O 抗原的一种特定类型,B5 表示鞭毛抗原的一种类型。血清型不同,激活的炎症途径和炎症因子可能会有差异,从而转化为不同的表型反应和临床症状。下面,我们就一起了解一下 LPS 可以诱导哪些模型以及一些注意事项~一、体外细胞炎症模型[5][6][7][8]
[1] Bertani B, et al. Function and Biogenesis of Lipopolysaccharides. EcoSal Plus. 2018 Aug;8(1):10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0001-2018. [2] Zhang X, et al. Application of lipopolysaccharide in establishing inflammatory models. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Nov;279(Pt 4):135371.[3] Cohen J. The immunopathogenesis of sepsis. Nature. 2002 Dec 19-26;420(6917):885-91.[4] Lu YC, et al, Ohashi PS. LPS/TLR4 signal transduction pathway. Cytokine. 2008 May;42(2):145-151.[5] Huang S, et al. Disruption of the Na+/K+-ATPase-purinergic P2X7 receptor complex in microglia promotes stress-induced anxiety. Immunity. 2024 Mar 12;57(3):495-512.e11.[6] Guo D, et al. Synergistic rheumatoid arthritis therapy by interrupting the detrimental feedback loop to orchestrate hypoxia M1 macrophage polarization using an enzyme-catalyzed nanoplatform. Bioact Mater. 2024 Jul 23;41:221-238.[7] Tezcan G, et al. Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone Differentially Activate NLRP3 in LPS Primed Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Aug 22;23(16):9484.[8] Park J, et al. Fucoidan inhibits LPS-induced inflammation in vitro and during the acute response in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017 Feb;43:91-98. [9] Li CC, et al. Suppression of Dendritic Cell-Derived IL-12 by Endogenous Glucocorticoids Is Protective in LPS-Induced Sepsis. PLoS Biol. 2015 Oct 6;13(10):e1002269.[10] Rialdi A, et al. Topoisomerase 1 inhibition suppresses inflammatory genes and protects from death by inflammation. Science. 2016 May 27;352(6289):aad7993.[11] Hagiwara S, et al. Antagonist of the type-1 ANG II receptor prevents against LPS-induced septic shock in rats. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Aug;35(8):1471-8.[12] Makrecka-Kuka M, et al. Inhibition of CPT2 exacerbates cardiac dysfunction and inflammation in experimental endotoxaemia. J Cell Mol Med. 2020 Oct;24(20):11903-11911.[13] Chen XS, et al. Angiotensin-(1-7) ameliorates sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy by alleviating inflammatory response and mitochondrial damage through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. J Transl Med. 2023 Jan 2;21(1):2.[14] Yang J, et al. MicroRNA-106a Provides Negative Feedback Regulation in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by targeting TLR4. Int J Biol Sci. 2019 Aug 22;15(11):2308-2319.[15] Zhang Y, et al. Melatonin alleviates acute lung injury through inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. J Pineal Res. 2016 May;60(4):405-14.[16] Kwon WY, et al. Niacin attenuates lung inflammation and improves survival during sepsis by downregulating the nuclear factor-κB pathway. Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb;39(2):328-34.[17] Ma J, et al. Geraniol ameliorates acute liver failure induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine via regulating macrophage polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation by PPAR-γ methylation Geraniol alleviates acute liver failure. Biochem Pharmacol. 2023 Apr;210:115467.[18] Firth JD, et al. Lipopolysaccharide induces a stromal-epithelial signalling axis in a rat model of chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2013 Jan;40(1):8-17.[19] Park J, et al. Fucoidan inhibits LPS-induced inflammation in vitro and during the acute response in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017 Feb;43:91-98.[20] Li L, et al. Ablation of Siglec-E augments brain inflammation and ischemic injury. J Neuroinflammation. 2022 Jul 20;19(1):191.[21] Yamawaki Y, et al. Imipramine prevents Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial neurotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022 Dec 17;634:92-99.[22] Arioz BI, et al. Melatonin Attenuates LPS-Induced Acute Depressive-Like Behaviors and Microglial NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Through the SIRT1/Nrf2 Pathway. Front Immunol. 2019 Jul 2;10:1511.[23] Liu Q, et al. BGP-15 alleviates LPS-induced depression-like behavior by promoting mitophagy. Brain Behav Immun. 2024 Jul;119:648-664.[24] Huang B, et al. Polydatin Prevents Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Parkinson's Disease via Regulation of the AKT/GSK3β-Nrf2/NF-κB Signaling Axis. Front Immunol. 2018 Nov 5;9:2527.[25] Zhao Y, et al. Connexin43 inhibition attenuated dopaminergic neuronal loss in the lipopolysaccharide-induced mice model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 2022 Feb 6;771:136471.