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离治愈只有一步之遥:氙气如何改变阿尔茨海默病的治疗方法 精选
2025-1-17 20:02
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离治愈只有一步之遥:氙气如何改变阿尔茨海默病的治疗方法

诸平

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Xenon gas emerges as a promising treatment for Alzheimer’s, showing benefits in preclinical tests such as reducing brain atrophy and enhancing neuron protection, with human trials starting soon.

Mass General Brigham 2025115日提供的消息,离治愈只有一步之遥:氙气如何改变阿尔茨海默病的治疗方法(A Breath Away From a Cure: How Xenon Gas Could Transform Alzheimer’s Treatment)。

一项突破性的研究表明,氙气(Xe)在治疗阿尔茨海默病方面可能会改变游戏规则,在小鼠模型中证明了其减轻脑损伤和改善认知功能的能力。即将进行的临床试验旨在测试其在人体中的功效。

目前治疗阿尔茨海默病的主要方法是解决大脑中的淀粉样斑块(amyloid plaques)tau蛋白缠结。然而,来自麻省总医院布里格姆(Mass General Brigham)和圣路易斯华盛顿大学医学院(Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis)的研究人员已经确定了一种开创性的替代品:氙气(Xenon gas)。相关研究结果于2025115日已经在《科学转化医学》(Science Translational Medicine)杂志网站发表——Wesley Brandao, Nimansha Jain, Zhuoran Yin, Kilian L. Kleemann, Madison Carpenter, Xin Bao, Javier R. Serrano, Eric Tycksen, Ana Durao, Jen-Li Barry, Caroline Baufeld, Dilansu Guneykaya, Xiaoming Zhang, Alexandra Litvinchuk, Hong Jiang, Neta Rosenzweig, Kristen M. Pitts, Michael Aronchik, Taha Yahya, Tian Cao, Marcelo Kenzo Takahashi, Rajesh Krishnan, Hayk Davtyan, Jason D. Ulrich, Mathew Blurton-Jones, Ilya Ilin, Howard L. Weiner, David M. Holtzman, Oleg Butovsky. Inhaled xenon modulates microglia and ameliorates disease in mouse models of amyloidosis and tauopathy. Science Translational Medicine, 2025, 17(781): eadk3690. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3690. Epub 15 January 2025. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3690

参与此项研究的有来自美国哈佛医学院布里格姆妇女医院(Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA)、美国华盛顿大学医学院(Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA)、美国哈佛医学院马萨诸塞州眼耳医院(Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA)、德国波恩大学医院临床化学和临床药理学研究所(Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany)、巴西圣保罗大学医学院{Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil}、美国加州大学欧文分校(University of California, Irvine, CA, USA)、美国波士顿通用生物物理有限责任公司(General Biophysics LLC, Boston, MA, USA)、以及美国波士顿麻省总医院和哈佛医学院的布里格姆妇女医院Gene Lay免疫学和炎症研究所(Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA)的研究人员。

他们的研究表明,吸入氙气可以减轻阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型的神经炎症,最小化脑萎缩,并促进保护性神经元状态。这为在健康志愿者中进行一期临床试验铺平了道路,该试验将于2025年初开始。

突破性研究和临床试验(Groundbreaking Research and Clinical Trials

布莱根妇女医院(BWH)神经疾病安·罗姆尼中心{Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH)}的资深通讯作者奥列格·布托夫斯基(Oleg Butovsky)博士说:“这是一个非常新颖的发现,表明仅仅吸入惰性气体就能产生如此深远的神经保护作用。阿尔茨海默病研究和治疗领域的一个主要局限是,很难设计出能够通过血脑屏障的药物,但氙气却可以。我们期待着看到这种新方法在人体身上进行临床测试。”奥列格·布托夫斯基是布莱根医疗保健系统(Mass General Brigham healthcare system)的创始成员之一。

来自美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学医学院的资深和共同通讯作者大卫·霍尔茨曼David M Holtzman)医学博士说:“令人兴奋的是,在两种模拟阿尔茨海默病不同方面的动物模型中,一种模型中的淀粉样蛋白病理和另一种模型中的tau病理,在两种情况下氙气都有保护作用。”

氙气效应背后的科学(The Science Behind Xenon’s Effects

阿尔茨海默病的确切病因尚不清楚,目前也没有治愈方法。迫切需要更有效的治疗方法。阿尔茨海默氏症的特点是大脑中tau蛋白和淀粉样蛋白等蛋白质的积累会破坏神经细胞之间的交流。随着时间的推移,这会导致进行性脑损伤、神经元丢失,最终导致死亡。

小胶质细胞(Microglia)是大脑的主要免疫细胞,是大脑的第一道防线,对任何破坏都做出反应,在维持大脑功能方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而,当小胶质细胞失调时,它们对阿尔茨海默病的进展起着重要作用。

奥列格·布托夫斯基博士的实验室已经开发出一种方法来研究小胶质细胞对神经退行性变(neurodegeneration)的反应,揭示了某些小胶质细胞的表型可以被调节以提供对阿尔茨海默氏症的保护作用。

氙气的临床前结果令人鼓舞(Promising Preclinical Outcomes with Xenon

在这项研究中,研究人员用氙气治疗阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型。氙气在人类医学中被用作麻醉剂和治疗脑损伤的神经保护剂。氙气穿过血脑屏障,从血液中直接进入大脑周围的液体。研究小组发现,吸入氙气可以减少阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型的脑萎缩和神经炎症,并改善筑巢行为。它还诱导并增加了与清除淀粉样蛋白和改善认知有关的保护性小胶质细胞反应。总之,这些发现确定了氙吸入作为一种治疗方法的潜力,可以改变小胶质细胞活性并减少阿尔茨海默病的神经退行性变。

未来发展方向和临床潜力(Future Directions and Clinical Potential

布里格姆妇女医院(Brigham and Women’s Hospital)的临床试验将在未来几个月内开始,最初只招募健康的志愿者。

由于临床试验的早期阶段正在进行,以确定安全性和剂量,研究小组计划继续研究氙气实现其效果的机制,以及它治疗其他疾病的潜力,如多发性硬化症(multiple sclerosis)、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)和涉及神经元丧失的眼病。该团队还在设计技术,以帮助更有效地利用氙气,并有可能对其回收再利用。

“如果临床试验进展顺利,使用氙气的机会是巨大的,它可能为帮助神经系统疾病患者的新疗法打开了大门。”上述论文的合著者霍华德·韦纳Howard L Weiner)医学博士说。他是BWH安·罗姆尼神经疾病中心(Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases at BWH)的联合主任,也是即将到来的临床试验的首席研究员。

本研究报道了美国国立卫生研究院{National Institutes of Health (NIH) (STTR R41AG073059, R01 AG051812 R01 AG054672, R01 NS088137 R01 AG075509, RF1 NS090934, P30 AG066519, U19 AG06970101)}、治疗老年痴呆症基金(Cure Alzheimer Fund)、美国马萨诸塞州阿尔茨海默病治疗科学中心{Massachusetts Center for Alzheimer Therapeutic Science (MassCATS)}BrightFocus基金会(BrightFocus Foundation 2020A016806)、阿尔茨海默病协会研究基金(Alzheimer’s Association research fellowship AARF-21-846786)、美国多发性硬化症协会(National Multiple Sclerosis Society FG-2108-38372)以及美国国防部(Department of Defense W81XWH-22-1-0945)的资助。

上述介绍,仅供参考。欲了解更多信息,敬请注意浏览原文或者相关报道

Editor’s summary

Aberrant regulation of microglia is known to contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Brandao et al. now report that xenon (Xe) gas inhalation promotes a protective microglial response in mouse models of AD. Xe inhalation induced microglial phagocytosis and reduced amyloidosis, neuritic dystrophy, and inflammation while promoting a protective microglial phenotype. It also enhanced IFN-γ signaling, suppressed inflammation, and alleviated brain atrophy in mice with tauopathy. In the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, Xe modulated CD8+ T cells, boosting IFN-γ production, whereas IFN-γ blockade impaired this effect. These findings suggest that Xe inhalation may be a therapeutic strategy for modulating microglial activity and reducing neurodegeneration in AD. —Orla Smith

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. Antiamyloid antibody treatments modestly slow disease progression in mild dementia due to AD. Emerging evidence shows that homeostatic dysregulation of the brain immune system, especially that orchestrated by microglia, plays an important role in disease onset and progression. Thus, a major question is how to modulate the phenotype and function of microglia to treat AD. Xenon (Xe) gas is a noble gas used in human patients as an anesthetic and a neuroprotectant used for treating brain injuries. Xe penetrates the blood-brain barrier, which could make it an effective therapeutic. To assess the effect of Xe on microglia and AD pathology, we designed a custom Xe inhalation chamber and treated several mouse models of AD with Xe gas. Xe treatment induced mouse microglia to adopt an intermediate activation state that we have termed pre-neurodegenerative microglia (pre-MGnD). This microglial phenotypic transition was observed in mouse models of acute neurodegeneration and amyloidosis (APP/PS1 and 5xFAD mice) and tauopathy (P301S mice). This microglial state enhanced amyloid plaque compaction and reduced dystrophic neurites in the APP/PS1 and 5xFAD mouse models. Moreover, Xe inhalation reduced brain atrophy and neuroinflammation and improved nest-building behavior in P301S mice. Mechanistically, Xe inhalation induced homeostatic brain microglia toward a pre-MGnD state through IFN-γ signaling that maintained the microglial phagocytic response in APP/PS1 and 5xFAD mice while suppressing the microglial proinflammatory phenotype in P301S mice. These results support the translation of Xe inhalation as an approach for treating AD.

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