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[资料，科普] 量子力学的哥本哈根诠释（10）：柯西 Augustin-Louis Cauchy 与数学

已有 237 次阅读 2025-8-20 17:57 |个人分类:资料与科普|系统分类:科普集锦

[资料，科普] 量子力学的哥本哈根诠释（10）：柯西 Augustin-Louis Cauchy 与数学

以下对应英文的汉语，来自机器翻译。

机器翻译的某些术语，有待您进一步自行核对。

一、柯西 Augustin-Louis Cauchy

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cauchy/

In 1810 Cauchy took up his first job in Cherbourg to work on port facilities for Napoleon's English invasion fleet. He took a copy of Laplace's Mécanique Céleste Ⓣ and one of Lagrange's Théorie des Fonctions Ⓣ with him. It was a busy time for Cauchy, writing home about his daily duties he said [4]:-

I get up at four o'clock each morning and I am busy from then on. ... I do not get tired of working, on the contrary, it invigorates me and I am in perfect health...

1810年，柯西在瑟堡开始了他的第一份工作，为拿破仑的英国入侵舰队建造港口设施。他抄了一本拉普拉斯的《塞莱斯特犬》Ⓣ 拉格朗日的函数理论之一Ⓣ 与他。这对柯西来说是一段繁忙的时光，他写信回家讲述自己的日常职责[4]：-

我每天早上四点起床，从那时起我就很忙。..我不厌倦工作，相反，它让我充满活力，我身体非常健康。..

Cauchy was a devout Catholic and his attitude to his religion was already causing problems for him. In a letter written to his mother in 1810 he says:-

So they are claiming that my devotion is causing me to become proud, arrogant and self-infatuated. ... I am now left alone about religion and nobody mentions it to me anymore...

柯西是一位虔诚的天主教徒，他对宗教的态度已经给他带来了问题。1810年，他在写给母亲的信中说：-

所以他们声称我的奉献精神让我变得骄傲、傲慢和自恋。 ...我现在对宗教一无所知，没有人再向我提及它了。..

Cauchy did not have particularly good relations with other scientists. His staunchly Catholic views had him involved on the side of the Jesuits against the Académie des Sciences. He would bring religion into his scientific work as for example he did on giving a report on the theory of light in 1824 when he attacked the author for his view that Newton had not believed that people had souls. He was described by a journalist who said:-

... it is certain a curious thing to see an academician who seemed to fulfil the respectable functions of a missionary preaching to the heathens.

柯西与其他科学家的关系并不特别好。他坚定的天主教观点使他站在耶稣会一边反对科学院。他会把宗教带入他的科学工作中，比如1824年他在一篇关于光理论的报告中抨击了牛顿认为人没有灵魂的观点。一位记者对他进行了描述，他说：-

……看到一位院士似乎履行了传教士向异教徒传教的体面职责，这确实是一件奇怪的事情。

In 1831 Cauchy went to Turin and after some time there he accepted an offer from the King of Piedmont of a chair of theoretical physics. He taught in Turin from 1832. Menabrea attended these courses in Turin and wrote that the courses [4]:-

were very confused, skipping suddenly from one idea to another, from one formula to the next, with no attempt to give a connection between them. His presentations were obscure clouds, illuminated from time to time by flashes of pure genius. ... of the thirty who enrolled with me, I was the only one to see it through.

1831年，柯西前往都灵，一段时间后，他接受了皮埃蒙特国王的邀请，担任理论物理学教授。1832年起在都灵任教。Menabrea在都灵参加了这些课程，并写道这些课程[4]：-

他们非常困惑，突然从一个想法跳到另一个想法，从一个公式跳到下一个公式，没有试图在它们之间建立联系。他的演讲是朦胧的云朵，不时被纯粹天才的闪光照亮。 .在与我一起报名的三十人中，我是唯一一个坚持到底的人。

二、Quotations, Augustin-Louis Cauchy

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cauchy/quotations/

As for methods I have sought to give them all the rigour that one requires in geometry, so as never to have recourse to the reasons drawn from the generality of algebra.

至于方法，我试图赋予它们几何中所需的所有严谨性，这样就永远不会求助于代数的普遍性。

参考资料：

[1] Augustin Louis Cauchy, 1997-01, MacTutor History of Mathematics

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cauchy/

[2] Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1996-12, MacTutor History of Mathematics

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gauss/

[3] Quotations, Carl Friedrich Gauss, MacTutor History of Mathematics

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gauss/quotations/

[4] 2024-12-05，《古今数学思想》/Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times/王涛

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=576386&Type=bkzyb&SubID=63159

[5] 2024-12-04，柯西，A.-L. /Augustin-Louis Cauchy/刘沛清，中国大百科全书，第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=450138&Type=bkzyb&SubID=63597

通过柯西等的艰苦的工作，使数学分析的基本概念得到严格的论述，从而结束了微积分二百年来的混乱局面从对几何概念、运动和直观了解的完全依赖中把微积分及其推广解放出来，并使微积分发展成现代数学最基础最庞大的数学学科。柯西在其他方面也有丰富的研究成果，他还创建了复变函数的微积分理论，在代数方面、理论物理、光学、弹性理论方面，他也有突出贡献。

[6] 2022-01-20，高斯，C.F. /Gauss, Carl Friedrich/朱明忠，中国大百科全书，第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=123749&Type=bkzyb&SubID=61860

高斯在数论、代数学、非欧几里得几何学、微分几何学、超几何级数、复变函数论以及椭圆函数论等方面均有一系列开创性贡献。

高斯涉足天文学始于小行星的研究。

1816年起，高斯把数学应用从天体转向大地。

19世纪30年代起，高斯的注意力转向磁学，

以前的《科学网》相关博文链接：

[1] 2016-03-01 14:07，柯西、高斯；庞加莱，希尔伯特：四位数学大牛

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-959695.html

[2] 2022-08-14 15:05，[小科普] 我不打算劝柯西：“你还以为自己是高斯啊！”

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1351144.html

[3] 2022-08-13 14:34，[小科普] 我不打算劝高斯：“以前从来没有人这么干啊！”