科学网-[科普，笔记] 计算机 computer （一）（关联：“自然运算”）-杨正瓴的博文

[科普，笔记] 计算机 computer （一）（关联：“自然运算”）

2025-7-24 21:32

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[科普，笔记] 计算机 computer （一） （关联：“自然运算”）

以下对应英文的汉语，来自机器翻译。

机器翻译的某些术语，有待您进一步自行核对。

计算机曾经是指做计算的人，但现在这个词几乎普遍指的是自动化的电子机器。

Computer once meant a person who did computations, but now the term almost universally refers to automated electronic machinery.

计算机也有局限性，其中一些是理论上的。例如，有一些不可判定的命题，其真实性无法在给定的规则集内确定，例如计算机的逻辑结构。由于不存在通用的算法方法来识别此类命题，因此被要求获得此类命题真实性的计算机将（除非被强行中断）无限期地继续下去，这种情况被称为“停止问题”。（参见图灵机。）

Computers also have limitations, some of which are theoretical. For example, there are undecidable propositions whose truth cannot be determined within a given set of rules, such as the logical structure of a computer. Because no universal algorithmic method can exist to identify such propositions, a computer asked to obtain the truth of such a proposition will (unless forcibly interrupted) continue indefinitely—a condition known as the “halting problem.” (See Turing machine.)

一、计算基础 Computing basics

模拟计算机 Analog computers

模拟计算机使用连续的物理量来表示定量信息。

Analog computers use continuous physical magnitudes to represent quantitative information.

数字计算机 Digital computers

与模拟计算机相比，数字计算机以离散形式表示信息，通常为0和1的序列（二进制数字或比特）。

In contrast to analog computers, digital computers represent information in discrete form, generally as sequences of 0s and 1s (binary digits, or bits).

大型计算机 Mainframe computer

超级计算机 Supercomputer

小型计算机 Minicomputer

微型计算机 Microcomputer

笔记本电脑 Laptop computer

第一台真正面向消费者销售的笔记本电脑是1981年4月上市的Osborne 1。

The first true laptop computer marketed to consumers was the Osborne 1, which became available in April 1981.

嵌入式处理器 Embedded processors

二、计算机硬件 Computer hardware

计算机的物理元件，即硬件，通常分为中央处理单元（CPU）、主存储器（或随机存取存储器，RAM）和外围设备。最后一类包括各种输入和输出（I/O）设备：键盘、显示器、打印机、磁盘驱动器、网络连接、扫描仪等。

The physical elements of a computer, its hardware, are generally divided into the central processing unit (CPU), main memory (or random-access memory, RAM), and peripherals. The last class encompasses all sorts of input and output (I/O) devices: keyboard, display monitor, printer, disk drives, network connections, scanners, and more.

中央处理器 Central processing unit

主存储器 Main memory

最早的计算机主存储器形式是汞延迟线，这是一种以超声波形式存储数据的汞管，以及阴极射线管，它将数据作为电荷存储在管的屏幕上。磁鼓发明于1948年左右，在旋转鼓上使用氧化铁涂层将数据和程序存储为磁性图案。

The earliest forms of computer main memory were mercury delay lines, which were tubes of mercury that stored data as ultrasonic waves, and cathode-ray tubes, which stored data as charges on the tubes’ screens. The magnetic drum, invented about 1948, used an iron oxide coating on a rotating drum to store data and programs as magnetic patterns.

辅助存储器 Secondary memory

外设 Peripherals

输入装置 Input devices

输出设备 Output devices

通信设备 Communication devices

外围接口 Peripheral interfaces

三、微处理器集成电路 Microprocessor integrated circuits

设计 Design

制造 Fabrication

晶体管尺寸 Transistor size

功耗 Power consumption

未来的CPU设计 Future CPU designs

自20世纪90年代初以来，研究人员讨论了两种推测性但有趣的新计算方法——量子计算和分子（DNA）计算。每种方法都提供了高度并行计算的前景，并提供了一种绕过摩尔定律物理约束的方法。

Since the early 1990s, researchers have discussed two speculative but intriguing new approaches to computation—quantum computing and molecular (DNA) computing. Each offers the prospect of highly parallel computation and a way around the approaching physical constraints to Moore’s law.

量子计算 Quantum computing

分子计算 Molecular computing

四、操作系统 Operating systems

操作系统的作用 Role of operating systems

现代类型的操作系统 Modern types of operating systems

多用户系统 Multiuser systems

薄型系统 Thin systems

反应系统 Reactive systems

操作系统设计方法 Operating system design approaches

五、网络 Networking

局域网 Local area networks

局域网（LAN）连接一栋建筑或一小群建筑内的计算机。

Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within a building or small group of buildings.

广域网 Wide area networks

广域网（WAN）跨越城市、国家和全球，通常使用电话线和卫星链路。

Wide area networks (WANs) span cities, countries, and the globe, generally using telephone lines and satellite links.

六、计算机软件 Computer software

商业和个人软件 Business and personal software

科学和工程软件 Scientific and engineering software

互联网和协作软件 Internet and collaborative software

游戏和娱乐 Games and entertainment

参考资料：

[1] Computer，2025-06-16，britannica

https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer