[科普，笔记] 第一台计算机 The first computer （二） （关联：“自然运算”）

以下对应英文的汉语，来自机器翻译。

机器翻译的某些术语，有待您进一步自行核对。

一、电子数字积分器与计算机 ENIAC

   在赫尔曼·戈德斯坦的指导下，电子数字积分器和计算机（ENIAC）的工作于1943年初开始。

   under the direction of Herman Goldstine, work began in early 1943 on the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).

   它有大约18000个真空管、70000个电阻器、10000个电容器、6000个开关和1500个继电器，很容易成为迄今为止建造的最复杂的电子系统。

   With approximately 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 6,000 switches, and 1,500 relays, it was easily the most complex electronic system theretofore built.

二、走向经典计算机 Toward the classical computer

更大的大脑 Bigger brains

   1945年，在ENIAC尚未完成之前，摩尔商学院就开始为ENIAC的继任者——电子离散变量自动计算机（EDVAC）进行规划。

   In 1945, before ENIAC was even finished, planning began at the Moore School for ENIAC’s successor, the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC.

   1943年，埃克特已经结合雷达研究建造并试验了这种延迟线（使用汞），1944年的某个时候，他想到了在汞延迟线的每一端放置石英晶体的新想法，以维持和修改由此产生的图案。

   Eckert had already built and experimented in 1943 with such a delay line (using mercury) in conjunction with radar research, and sometime in 1944 he hit upon the new idea of placing a quartz crystal at each end of the mercury delay line in order to sustain and modify the resulting pattern.

三、冯·诺伊曼的“初步讨论” Von Neumann’s “Preliminary Discussion”

   该文件阐述的原则包括，数据和指令应保存在一个存储器中，指令应进行编码，以便其他指令可以修改。这是一个极其关键的决定，因为这意味着一个程序可以被另一个程序视为数据。

   Among the principles enunciated in the paper were that data and instructions should be kept in a single store and that instructions should be encoded so as to be modifiable by other instructions. This was an extremely critical decision, because it meant that one program could be treated as data by another program.

第一台存储程序机器 The first stored-program machines

   曼彻斯特马克一号 Manchester Mark I

   约1949年。

旋风 Whirlwind

   在美国，麻省理工学院（MIT）的Jay Forrester和美国无线电公司（Radio Corporation of America）的Jan Aleksander Rajchman提出了一种基于磁芯的新型存储器，其速度足以使MIT建造第一台实时计算机Whirlwind。

    In the United States, Jay Forrester of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Jan Aleksander Rajchman of the Radio Corporation of America came up with a new kind of memory based on magnetic cores that was fast enough to enable MIT to build the first real-time computer, Whirlwind.

通用自动计算机 UNIVAC

   1951年3月，

   它使用Eckert的汞延迟线大大减少了所需的真空管数量（到5000个），从而使主处理器仅占用4.4乘2.3乘2.7米（14.5乘7.5乘9英尺）的空间。

   Its use of Eckert’s mercury delay lines greatly reduced the number of vacuum tubes needed (to 5,000), thus enabling the main processor to occupy a “mere” 4.4 by 2.3 by 2.7 meters (14.5 by 7.5 by 9 feet) of space.

四、大铁时代 The age of Big Iron

   但直到1954年，商业计算机的真正市场才开始出现。

   it was not until 1954 that a real market for business computers began to emerge. 

程序设计语言 Programming languages

   Howard Aiken在20世纪30年代工作，他也看到了从高级语言到机器语言的自动翻译的优点。

   Howard Aiken, working in the 1930s, also saw the virtue of automated translation from a high-level language to machine language. 

Zuse's Plankalkül

   Konrad Zuse于1944年至1945年开发了第一种真正的编程语言Plankalkül（“计划微积分”）。

   Konrad Zuse developed the first real programming language, Plankalkül (“Plan Calculus”), in 1944–45. 

口译员 Interpreters

   John Mauchly于1949年提出，William Schmitt于当年为BINAC计算机和1950年为UNIVAC实施了该方法。

   Suggested by John Mauchly in 1949, it was implemented by William Schmitt for the BINAC computer in that year and for UNIVAC in 1950.

编译器 Compilers

   1952年，战后曾与Zuse一起在他的计算机上工作的Heinz Rutishauser写了一篇有影响力的论文，“Automatishe Rechenplanfertigung bei programmer euerten Rechenmaschinen”（可大致翻译为“代码到机器语言的计算机自动转换”），他在其中奠定了编译器构造的基础，并描述了两个拟议的编译器。

   In 1952 Heinz Rutishauser, who had worked with Zuse on his computers after the war, wrote an influential paper, “Automatische Rechenplanfertigung bei programmgesteuerten Rechenmaschinen” (loosely translatable as “Computer Automated Conversion of Code to Machine Language”), in which he laid down the foundations of compiler construction and described two proposed compilers. 

FORTRAN、COBOL 和 ALGOL FORTRAN, COBOL, and ALGOL

   格蕾丝·赫柏 Grace Murray Hopper

   二战后，她加入了J.Presper Eckert，Jr.和John Mauchly的新公司，并为BINAC和UNIVAC系统编写了编译器软件。

   After World War II she joined J. Presper Eckert, Jr., and John Mauchly at their new company and, among other things, wrote compiler software for the BINAC and UNIVAC systems.

IBM 开发 FORTRAN IBM develops FORTRAN

   到1954年，巴克斯和一个程序员团队设计了这种语言，他们称之为FORTRAN（公式翻译）。

   By 1954 Backus and a team of programmers had designed the language, which they called FORTRAN (Formula Translation). 

COBOL 语言 COBOL

   1959年，Flow-matic引领了Hopper的COBOL（通用面向业务语言）小组的发展。

   Flow-matic led to the development by Hopper’s group of COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) in 1959. 

ALGOL

   尽管ALGOL引入了一些重要的语言思想，但它并没有在商业上取得成功。

   Although ALGOL introduced some important language ideas, it was not a commercial success.

五、操作系统 Operating systems

控制程序 Control programs

   IBM主要通过一项发明确立了其领先地位：IBM 360操作系统。

   IBM established its primacy primarily through one invention: the IBM 360 operating system.

IBM 360 The IBM 360

   360实际上是一种架构，而不是一台机器。设计师G.M.Amdahl、F.P.Brooks和G.A.Blaauw明确地将360架构与其实现细节分开。360架构旨在跨越广泛的机器实现和多代机器。

   The 360 was in fact an architecture, not a single machine. Designers G.M. Amdahl, F.P. Brooks, and G.A. Blaauw explicitly separated the 360 architecture from its implementation details. 

分时度假和小型计算机 Time-sharing and minicomputers

   从Project MAC到UNIX的时间共享 Time-sharing from Project MAC to UNIX

小型计算机 Minicomputers

   小型计算机革命持续了大约十年。到1975年，它即将结束，

   The minicomputer revolution lasted about a decade. By 1975 it was coming to a close, 

六、个人电脑革命 The personal computer revolution

   随着集成电路技术的进步，桌面计算所需的构建块在20世纪70年代初开始出现。

   with advances in integrated circuit technology, the necessary building blocks for desktop computing began to emerge in the early 1970s.

微处理器 The microprocessor

   随着组件数量升级到数千个，这些芯片开始被称为大规模集成芯片，使用它们的计算机有时被称为第四代计算机。

   As the number of components escalated into the thousands, these chips began to be referred to as large-scale integration chips, and computers using them are sometimes called fourth-generation computers.

英特尔4004 The Intel 4004

   英特尔将该芯片命名为4004，指的是它拥有的功能和晶体管的数量。这些包括内存、输入/输出、控制和算术/逻辑能力。它被称为微处理器或微型计算机。

   Intel named the chip the 4004, which referred to the number of features and transistors it had. These included memory, input/output, control, and arithmetical/logical capacities. It came to be called a microprocessor or microcomputer. 

微型计算机 The microcomputer

祭坛 The Altair

业余爱好市场扩大 The hobby market expands

   这些早期的微型计算机公司迈出了建立个人电脑行业的第一步，但他们中的大多数最终倒闭了，无法建造足够可靠的机器或提供足够的客户支持。总的来说，大多数早期公司缺乏工程师、企业家、资本和营销经验的适当平衡。

   These early microcomputer companies took the first steps toward building a personal computer industry, but most of them eventually collapsed, unable to build enough reliable machines or to offer sufficient customer support. In general, most of the early companies lacked the proper balance of engineers, entrepreneurs, capital, and marketing experience. 

早期微型计算机软件 Early microcomputer software

应用软件 Application software

个人电脑 The personal computer

苹果股份有限公司 Apple Inc.

图形用户界面 The graphical user interface

   第一台电脑鼠标Douglas Engelbart于1963年至1964年发明了电脑鼠标，作为寻找更好的指向和点击显示屏方法的实验的一部分。

   first computer mouse Douglas Engelbart invented the computer mouse in 1963–64 as part of an experiment to find a better way to point and click on a display screen.

IBM个人电脑 The IBM Personal Computer

市场扩大 The market expands

微软的 Windows 操作系统 Microsoft’s Windows operating system

工作站计算机 Workstation computers

参考资料：

[1] The first computer, in computer in History of computing, britannica

相关链接：

[1] 2025-07-13 22:12，[科普，笔记] 第一台计算机 The first computer （一） （关联：“自然运算”）

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1493539.html  

感谢您的指教！

感谢您指正以上任何错误！

感谢您提供更多的相关资料！