科学网-[科普，笔记] 自然计算 natural computing （关联：“自然运算”）-杨正瓴的博文

[科普，笔记] 自然计算 natural computing （关联：“自然运算”）

2025-6-29 22:31

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[科普，笔记] 自然计算 natural computing （关联：“自然运算”）

一、自然计算 Natural Computing 的基本含义

2024-12-05《中国大百科全书》词条“自然计算/natural computing”的描述：

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=217117&Type=bkzyb&SubID=81565

作为一个横跨自然科学和计算科学的交叉领域，自然计算既关注受自然启发的计算模型和技术，也蕴含反方向的将自然看作信息处理过程、试图理解自然世界的相关研究。目前，自然计算主要涵盖以下三个分支的研究内容：（1）自然启发的计算模型；（2）使用计算机模拟自然现象；（3）使用自然材料（如分子）来实现计算。

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=217117&Type=bkzyb&SubID=81565

2012年《Handbook of Natural Computing》列出的主要类型有：

细胞自动机 Cellular Automata,

进化计算 Evolutionary Computation,

分子计算 Molecular Computation,

量子计算 Quantum Computation

2007年《Fundamentals of natural computing: an overview》里的描述:

Natural computing is a terminology introduced to encompass three classes of methods:

自然计算是一个术语，包括三类方法：

(1) those that take inspiration from nature for the development of novel problem-solving techniques;

(1) 那些从大自然中汲取灵感，发展出新颖问题解决技巧的人；

(2) those that are based on the use of computers to synthesize natural phenomena;

(2) 那些基于使用计算机来合成自然现象的；

(3) those that employ natural materials (e.g., molecules) to compute. The main fields of research that compose these three branches are the artificial neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence, artificial immune systems, fractal geometry, artificial life, DNA computing, and quantum computing, among others.

(3) 使用天然材料（例如分子）进行计算的那些。组成这三个分支的主要研究领域是人工神经网络、进化算法、群体智能、人工免疫系统、分形几何、人工生命、DNA计算和量子计算等。

二、自然计算 Natural Computing 当前的一些具体类型

Neural Computation

神经计算

Swarm Intelligence inspired by the behavior of groups of organisms like an ant colony

受到蚁群等生物群体行为的启发的群体智能

Cellular Automata inspired by intercellular communication

受细胞间通讯启发的细胞自动机

Evolutionary Computation inspired by Darwin’s evolution of the species theory

达尔文物种进化论启发的进化计算

Amorphous Computing inspired by morphogenesis

受形态发生启发的非晶态计算

Membrane Computing inspired by the way cells process information

受细胞处理信息方式启发的膜计算

Artificial Immune Systems inspired by the natural immune system

受自然免疫系统启发的人工免疫系统

Artificial Life Systems inspired by the properties of life in general

受生命特性启发的人工生命系统

三、取代电子计算的可能途径

https://labs.sogeti.com/what-is-natural-computing/

分子计算 Molecular Computing，量子计算 Quantum Computing。

In Molecular Computing the tools of molecular biology are used to transform data encoded as biomolecules,

在分子计算中，分子生物学的工具用于转换编码为生物分子的数据，

in quantum computing the idea is to use quantum mechanical phenomena to perform computations.

在量子计算中，其思想是利用量子力学现象进行计算。

Other areas within the field of computing taking place in nature are self-assembly, developmental processes, biochemical reactions, bacterial communication, brain processes, and bionetworks.

自然界中发生的计算领域的其他领域包括自组装、发育过程、生化反应、细菌交流、大脑过程和生物网络。

参考资料：

[1] 2024-12-05，自然计算/natural computing/唐珂，中国大百科全书，第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=217117&Type=bkzyb&SubID=81565

[2] 科普中国，2021-12-31，计算

https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=257413

[3] Lila Kari, Grzegorz Rozenberg. The Many Facets of Natural Computing, Natural computing builds a bridge between computer science and natural sciences [J]. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery (CACM), 2008, 51(10): 72-83

doi: 10.1145/1400181.1400200

https://cacm.acm.org/research/the-many-facets-of-natural-computing/

[4] Leandro Nunes de Castro. Fundamentals of natural computing: an overview [J]. Physics of Life Reviews, 2007, 4(1): 1-36

doi: 0.1016/j.plrev.2006.10.002

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1571064506000315

[5] Leandro Nunes de Castro. Fundamentals of Natural Computing, Basic Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications [M]. New York: Taylor & Francis Group Logo, 2006-06-02

doi: 10.1201/9781420011449

https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781420011449/fundamentals-natural-computing-leandro-nunes-de-castro

[6] Grzegorz Rozenberg, Thomas Bäck, Joost N. Kok. Handbook of Natural Computing [M]. Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York, 2012

doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-92910-9

https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-540-92910-9#overview

[7] Sankar K. Pal, Saroj K. Meher. Title Paper: Natural computing: A problem solving paradigm with granular information processing [J]. Applied Soft Computing, 2013, 13(9): 3944-3955

doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2013.06.026

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568494613002159?via%3Dihub

[8] Sogeti Labs, 2020-08-20, What is natural computing?

https://labs.sogeti.com/what-is-natural-computing/