博文
达尔文的论证方式
精选
||
达尔文的论证方式
武夷山
加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学的英语教授Judy Segal和哲学教授 Alan W. Richardson在Configurations杂志（这是旨在研究文学艺术与科学技术之间关系的“文学、科学与艺术学会”主办的刊物，很有意思）2003年第2期发表文章，Introduction，Scientific Ethos： Authoring, Authorship， and the Trust in the Sciences（科学的气质：写作、写作行为和对科学的信任）。文章说：
在本期专题论文中，John Angus Campbell（坎贝尔）将分析《物种起源》的论证方式。坎贝尔认为，达尔文的关键战略，是运用了Ethos的力量，这里的Ethos不仅指科学的精神气质，还包括个人气质。达尔文懂得，如何避免与当时处于主导地位的理性、常识、宗教信念和社会认识水平发生冲突。坎贝尔认为，我们应该注意科学论证之构造过程中的这样一些修辞的或论辩的 (rhetorical) 成分，这样，我们对科学的认识就更加人性化了。上述修辞的或论辩的论证方式，与标准的科学论证方式（方法、确证、假说验证）恰好形成鲜明对照。而标准的科学论证方式易于使科学刻板化和庸常化（mechanize and routinize science）。
坎贝尔文章的开头部分（免费能看到的）如下：
Campbell, John Angus.
Why Was Darwin Believed? Darwin's Origin and the Problem of Intellectual Revolution
Configurations - Volume 11, Number 2, Spring 2003, pp. 203-237
The Johns Hopkins University Press
John Angus Campbell - Why Was Darwin Believed? Darwin's Origin and the Problem of Intellectual Revolution - Configurations 11:2 Configurations 11.2 (2003) 203-237 Why Was Darwin Believed? Darwin's Origin and the Problem of Intellectual Revolution John Angus Campbell University of Memphis Anyone advancing a novel idea must face the "Catch 22" of intellectual change. If an idea is truly radical, how can it be understood, let alone believed? Without a shared context of assumptions, an idea cannot even be intelligible, let alone persuasive. Yet to the extent that an idea is indebted to convention, it comes into the world hostage to the older and opposed ideas necessary in order to explain it. Analogous to the logical paradox of Achilles and the tortoise, the tension between radical novelty and convention constitutes a rhetorical paradox: If conventional ideas are necessary in order to explain radically novel ones, how can novelty ever overtake convention, since to challenge convention one must, and at every step in one's argument, reinforce it? Understanding the way established frameworks of ideas change is at once a conceptual, a historical, and a rhetorical problem. It is a conceptual problem because it concerns how human beings think; it is a historical problem because change occurs in and over time, is always situated in place, context, and circumstance; and it is a rhetorical problem because change occurs in and through language and requires analysis...
博主：坎贝尔生于1942年，已退休，他是修辞学教授。科学界内部的人，很难作出“科学的刻板化与庸常化”这样的批评。因此，科学技术界与人文社会科学界的相互对话、相互审视是很有益处的。
Project MUSE® - View Citation
·MLA
·APA
Campbell, John Angus. "Why Was Darwin Believed? Darwin's Origin and the Problem of Intellectual Revolution." Configurations 11.2 (2003): 203-237. Project MUSE. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 7 Apr. 2010 <http://muse.jhu.edu/>.
Always review your references for accuracy and make any necessary corrections before using. Pay special attention to personal names, capitalization, and dates. Consult your library or click here for more information on citing sources.
Campbell, John Angus. (2003). Why was darwin believed? darwin's origin and the problem of intellectual revolution. Configurations 11(2), 203-237. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from Project MUSE database.
Always review your references for accuracy and make any necessary corrections before using. Pay special attention to personal names, capitalization, and dates. Consult your library or click here for more information on citing sources.
Campbell, John Angus. "Why Was Darwin Believed? Darwin's Origin and the Problem of Intellectual Revolution." Configurations 11, no. 2 (2003): 203-237. http://muse.jhu.edu/ (accessed April 7, 2010).
Always review your references for accuracy and make any necessary corrections before using. Pay special attention to personal names, capitalization, and dates. Consult your library or click here for more information on citing sources.
TY - JOUR
T1 - Why Was Darwin Believed? Darwin's Origin and the Problem of Intellectual Revolution
A1 - Campbell, John Angus.
JF - Configurations
VL - 11
IS - 2
SP - 203
EP - 237
Y1 - 2003
PB - The Johns Hopkins University Press
SN - 1080-6520
UR - http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/configurations/v011/11.2campbell.html
N1 - Volume 11, Number 2, Spring 2003
ER -
Always review your references for accuracy and make any necessary corrections before using. Pay special attention to personal names, capitalization, and dates. Consult your library or click here for more information on citing sour
https://wap.sciencenet.cn/blog-1557-312895.html
上一篇：[转载]郭齐勇《中华人文精神及其当代价值》
下一篇：技术转移同找对象的类比
