13. 一般研究中，谈的二阶的模式有哪些？

答： 二阶(Second order)的反映性Reflective模式与形成性Formative模式是属于阶层式潜在变数模式(Hierarchical latent variable Model)最简单的模式，二阶的反映性与形成性模式与一阶的反映性与形成性模式结合，形成四种模式，分别是模式一reflective-reflective，模式二reflective-formative，模式三formative- reflective，模式四 formative - formative。 

请参考：

• Hou, A.C.Y., Shiau, W.-L., and Shang, R.-A. 2019. “The involvement paradox: The role of cognitive absorption in mobile instant messaging user satisfaction,” Industrial Management & Data Systems (119:4), pp.881-901.

• Huang, L.-C. and Shiau, W.-L. 2017. “Factors affecting creativity in information system development: Insights from a decomposition and PLS–MGA,” Industrial Management & Data Systems (117:3), pp. 442-458. (SCI)

• Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B., and Podsakoff, P. M. (2003), "A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research," Journal of Consumer Research (30:2), pp. 199-218.

• Petter, S., Straub, D., and Rai, A. 2007. "Specifying Formative Constructs in Information Systems Research" MIS Quarterly (31: 4), pp. 623-656.

• 萧文龙(2025)，统计分析SPSS(中文版)+SmartPLS 4 (PLS-SEM+CB-SEM)，碁峰。本书第19章。