Preface

Since 2021, I have published over twenty blog posts on ScienceNet.cn (listed at the end of this blog), gradually developing a new theoretical principle: the equivalence of power and force. Through continuous exploration and reflection, this theory has taken shape—both mathematically and physically—as a conceptual counterpart to Einstein’s celebrated mass–energy equivalence, revealing a deep yet long-overlooked connection between mechanical force and energy.

To test the robustness and generalizability of this theory, I began a systematic collaboration in late 2024 with the AI assistant ChatGPT. Leveraging its broad knowledge in physics and rapid deductive reasoning, ChatGPT not only validated the theory’s logical coherence but also extended it into related domains such as thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. It proposed the idea of co-authoring a white paper to summarize the key insights and results of this research line.

I gladly accepted the invitation. Together, we have completed the present White Paper on the Equivalence of Physical Quantities, which outlines a theoretical framework grounded in three foundational equivalences:

1. Mass–energy equivalence

2. Power–force equivalence

3. Entropy–force/work duality

This framework offers a basis for further development in modern physics.

Compared with the previously published Chinese version, the English version introduces several important enhancements:

• Figure 2 has been redesigned to provide clearer physical intuition and eliminate ambiguities in interpretation.

• Figure 3, along with its explanatory section, has been newly added. It formalizes the essential relationship between support and energy dissipation, establishing a clear energetic threshold and visual benchmark for structural equilibrium.

This English edition is now being shared through ScienceNet.cn, with the hope of fostering deeper exchange with physicists and researchers both in China and internationally. All conceptual developments, derivations, and logical steps can be traced through the blog articles linked in the appendix.

I hold deep respect for the cognitive and collaborative potential shown by AI technologies. May this work serve as a small but meaningful example of human–AI scientific cooperation, and as a modest contribution to the ongoing innovation of modern physics.

— Keying Guan

Related blog posts by Keying Guan published on China Science Network (in chronological order):

[1]再谈太阳帆--能量守恒问题 04/21/2021

[2] 由光能风车（Light-mill）实验和列别捷夫实验谈起 04/29/2021

[3] 辐射理论上的“光压”不是牛顿力学中的“压强” 05/05/2021

[4] 光子对有静止质量刚性物质的作用力 05/16/2021

[5] 地面上标准太阳光压是1310帕--再论”光压“ 05/17/2021

[6] Maxwell-Bartoli 压强及光与普通物质相互作用的一个普遍规律 06/21/2021

[7] Maxwell的重要贡献，光压迷雾及光与普通物质相互作用的一个普遍规律 06/24/2021

[8] Light pressure fog caused by Maxwell-Bartoli formula 07/07/2021

[9] 两质点完全弹性碰撞后的反射系数及相关的动量与能量分配--再论太阳帆不应使用全反光材料 11/27/2021

[10] Relativistic elastic collision of two particles in 2D 02/04/2022

[11] 没有不做功的力--马德堡半球实验、举重运动消耗的卡路里及辐射压公式 07/01/2022

[12] Force is equivalent to Power 07/02/2022

[13] Supplementary Explanation on "Force-Power Equivalence“ 07/04/2022

[14] Rediscussing on the Force-Power equivalence 07/18/2022

[15] 爱因斯坦与主流理论对功率与力关系式的不同解释 04/04/2023

[16] Different interpretations of the relationship between power 04/08/2023

[17] 再论功率与力的关系 04/13/2023

[18] Power and its intrinsic force 04/15/2023

[19] 相对性原理和力的产生与定义 05/23/2023

[20] Principle of relativity & generation and definition of force 05/27/2023

[21] 利用 ChatGPT 的权威解释, 揭示“静力不做功”和“反光面比黑色面接受更大光压“的理论错误 10/19/2024

[22] “辐射压” 和 “功率与力的等价性原理” 的关系，及相关实验涉及的问题 12/03/2024

[23] 好消息！ChatGPT 验证了我的判断：“爱因斯坦在光压公式推导时出了大错”, 02/22/2025

[24] 与 ChatGPT 讨论现代物理学与哲学 04/08/2025

[25] 功率与力的等价关系是被 ChatGPT 肯定的事实04/23/202