英国学者李约瑟提出“李约瑟难题”，主题是“尽管中国古代对人类科技发展做出了很多重要贡献，但为什么科学和工业革命没有在近代的中国发生？”
中国科技史专家江晓原在《被中国人误读的李约瑟》中说“所谓的"李约瑟难题"，实际上是一个伪问题。因为那种认为中国科学技术在很长时间里"世界领先"的图景，相当大程度上是中国人自己虚构出来的──事实上西方人走着另一条路，而在后面并没有人跟着走的情况下，"领先"又如何定义呢？"领先"既无法定义，"李约瑟难题"的前提也就难以成立了。对一个伪问题倾注持久的热情，是不是有点自作多情？”
刻板印象
美国乔尔查农（Joel Charon）著、汪丽华译《社会学与十个大问题》中就“刻板印象”时说到，刻板印象不是想去理解，而是想去赞扬或批评的分类，这种判断有强烈的感情偏好。刻板印象倾向于一种绝对的分类。刻板印象倾向于是一种在观察者的心目中掩盖了所有其他分类的分类，将人视作为简单化的和单维度的分类。刻板印象不会随着新证据的出现而改变。刻板印象或者是通过文化节被获得并简单地被人们所接受，或者是通过不加批判地接受一些具体人物的体验被创造出来。刻板印象不鼓励人们去寻求理解，而是夸大和评判差异。在其背后总是有一种潜在的假设：这就是那些人会这样行事的方式，这是他们本质的一部分，没有理由去理解那一差异的原因。
刻板印象（Stereotype）：The term itself, ‘Stereotype’, comes from the Greek words, ‘stereos‘ meaning ‘solid’ and ‘typos‘ meaning ‘impression’ and translates to give us ‘Solid Impression’. It was first used in 1798 for printing but evolved to give the modern use in English in 1922. Even though the term is used widely in psychology, we are all familiar with or has experienced the social context of the word. It is a word filled with feelings of discrimination and derives from prejudice and ignorance. Most of the time, it is used to separate unwanted people from certain groups through convincing individuals with unreal statements. Stereotypes are favored by some people who like the idea of discrimination. They use it in order to impose ideas about others related to their origins or groups they come from. However most of the time these stereotypes turn out not to apply to the individuals as no one can be represented by others since we are all unique. 见：Modern Stereotyping Machines 。
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