On the Basic Laws of Biological Evolution and Biological Development:Systematic research on the formation of the human biological genome and its replication and expression processes

Shen Lu

(Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002)

Abstract: This paper first analyzes the basic process of the formation of biological genomes and discovers that any living organism's genome continuously stores two types of genetic information during its natural formation: one is vertical genetic information, and the other is horizontal genetic information. The hybridization and recombination of these two types of information follow certain matrix distribution laws. Based on this, we have discovered the genetic information matrix distribution law of biological evolution. Secondly, through systematic observation of the human reproductive and developmental process and dynamic analysis of cell growth, we have found that there are two types of cell growth during human reproduction and development: one is the growth of germ cells, and the other is the growth of somatic cells. Both types of cells exhibit saturation during their growth process. Therefore, we believe that the human reproductive and developmental process follows the double-S curve law of the life cycle. Finally, through systematic research on the replication and expression process of life genetic information within the human genome, we have found that during the period of germ cell growth (genome replication), the expression of non-specific vertical genetic information is mainly carried out; while during the period of somatic cell growth (genome replication), the expression of specific horizontal genetic information is mainly carried out. The replication and expression of these two types of life genetic information constitute the entire process of the human life cycle. We believe that the discovery of the genetic information matrix distribution law of biological evolution and the double-S curve law of the life cycle of biological occurrence, as well as the study of their correlations, have certain practical significance for us to better reveal the essence of life and its development laws in the future.

Keywords: Biological evolution; Biological genesis; Human genome; Matrix distribution law; Double S-curve rule

1 Introduction

Biology is an evolving process. The evolutionary process of living organisms is related and unified with the process of their emergence. According to Haeckel's recapitulation law, we know that the process of biological emergence is a brief and rapid repetition of the biological evolutionary process. Therefore, we can infer the basic laws of the evolution of the entire biological system from the basic laws of the biological emergence of the human body. Now, with the in-depth study of the human body's biological genome, it has been discovered that the human body's biological genome is a "book of life" written for several billion years or a "blueprint of life" drawn for several billion years. And the biological evolution and biological emergence processes are the continuous writing, drawing, storage and modification processes of this "book of life" or "blueprint of life", as well as the continuous interpretation or realization processes of this "book of life" or "blueprint of life". Modern biology has found that the reason why a fertilized egg can develop into a biological individual in a strict sequence is that there is a complete genetic map in the fertilized egg, that is, all the genetic genes (all the life genetic information) in the cell nucleus. The developmental program is encoded in the genome. The developmental process can be compared to a building's blueprint. The developmental process is a process in which the blueprint is gradually realized through the orderly expression of genetic information. That theory which believes that there is only one in the sperm or egg cell is incorrect

The complete microorganism regards the development process as a simple process of growing or manifesting, and denying the preformation theory of evolution is obviously incorrect. All right. However, it is indeed true that there exists a pre-existing factor in cells, namely the developmental blueprint, which is beyond doubt. Nevertheless, the development of the human body system is carried out strictly according to this blueprint, which is a gradual process, and this is also indisputable. All right. This is a new explanation of modern biological theories for the traditional "pre-existing theory" and "gradual formation theory", and this explanation effectively unifies the above two theories. Of course, it is not the traditional kind of unification. According to the above theories, we believe that the biological occurrence process of the human body, that is, the reproductive and development process of the human body, can be regarded as the replication and expression process of the human body's biological genetic genome. In this process, first, a new human body biological genome map (the fertilized egg) is established, and the blueprint of a person's entire life cycle is drawn. Then, on this basis, the replication and expression of the human body's genetic genome are carried out, and finally, the entire process of human growth and development is completed. ，

How is the human genome map drawn under natural conditions? What kind of life genetic information does it contain? We believe that all the life genetic information of the human body is stored in the DNA structural sequence of the genome. In the author's opinion, the human biological genome map is formed in this way: from the vertical perspective, the human biological genome has evolved step by step from the biological world and is a product of biological evolution; but from the horizontal perspective, the human biological genome is the product of the hybridization of parental genetic genes, that is, the parental gamete chromosomes. This vertical and horizontal drawing constitutes our current human genome map. Therefore, we believe that the human body's life genetic information mainly comes from two aspects of inheritance: on the one hand, human life genetic information comes from the long-term evolution of the biological world and is inherited from the entire biological world; on the other hand, human life genetic information also comes from the hybridization of parental chromosomes, inherited from the paternal and maternal sides. Because

Therefore, the human genome map should include two aspects of genetic information related to life, namely, on the one hand, the longitudinal biological evolution information, which is the longitudinal genetic information (general common information); on the other hand, the lateral parental genetic information, which is the lateral genetic information (special differential information). Whether it is the longitudinal genetic information or the lateral genetic information, both have undergone certain qualitative and quantitative variations in the structure sequence and storage quantity of the genetic genes. This is of crucial importance because the emergence of the variation phenomenon enables the human organism to continuously adapt to more complex external environments, and also causes biological trait differences between humans and animals, as well as between individual humans. It is precisely this difference that leads to the formation of the rich and diverse life world. So

The most fundamental aspect of biological evolution is the evolution of the biological genome. From the lower to the higher levels, and from the simpler to the more complex, the main difference lies in the structural and functional differences of the biological genome. Therefore, it can be said that the evolution of the biological genome is the fundamental aspect of biological evolution, and the evolution of organisms is directly related to the evolution of their genomes.

In conclusion, we believe that the understanding of the longitudinal life genetic information (general common information) and the lateral life genetic information (special difference information) of the biological genome and the introduction of their basic concepts are very important. It will help us to conduct more comprehensive and accurate positioning analysis of various biological evolution or biological occurrence processes. Different organisms have different longitudinal life genetic information and lateral life genetic information due to the different sequences of their genome structures. The quality and quantity of these information are also different. Therefore, their levels and positions of biological evolution or biological occurrence are also different. Compared with higher organisms, lower organisms exhibit differences in biological evolution and biological occurrence as well as differences in the structure and function of individual organisms because of this. The biological evolution and biological occurrence process is the storage and recombination process of longitudinal life genetic information and lateral life genetic information within the biological genome, as well as the replication and expression process of these two aspects of life genetic information. From the lower to the higher levels, and from the simpler to the more complex, due to the different qualities and quantities of the above two types of information contained in their biological genomes, they are distributed in different evolutionary and developmental levels and exhibit different distribution states. This is our understanding of the storage and recombination, replication and expression processes of longitudinal life genetic information and lateral life genetic information within the biological genome, which has biological evolutionary or biological occurrenceological significance.

2 The Law of Genetic Information Matrix Distribution in Biological Evolution

Biological evolution and biological development processes are not only the formation and development processes of their biological genomes, but also the replication and expression processes of their biological genomes

Any organism, due to the different qualities and quantities of the longitudinal and lateral life genetic information contained in its genome, exhibits different positions in biological evolution and different states of biological development, and is distributed within certain levels of biological evolution or biological development. From lower to higher, from simpler to more complex. Through research, we have found that the matrix distribution characteristics of the life genetic information in each organism's genome are different. This difference determines the degree of evolution and the developmental program of the organism.

2.1 Analysis of Genetic Information Matrix in Biological Genomes

2.1.1 Diagram of the Distribution Characteristics of Genetic Information Matrix in Biological Genomes

By analyzing the qualities and quantities of the longitudinal and lateral life genetic information contained in the biological genome, we have discovered the law of genetic information matrix distribution in biological evolution. The specific content of this law is described as follows.

First, we set:,7’

(1) represents the longitudinal life genetic information (Al, A2, A3,⋯⋯Am⋯⋯AM) in the biological genome, which forms a sequence from lower to higher levels.

(2) represents the lateral life genetic information (Bl, B2, B3,⋯⋯BN) in the biological genome, which forms another sequence from simpler to more complex. .

The intersection of the genetic information of the two types of life forms results in the following matrix. Due to the different qualities and quantities of longitudinal and lateral genetic information (common information and special differential information) in their genomes, various organisms exhibit different matrix distributions (as shown in Figure 1).

Figure 1 Matrix Diagram of Genetic Information in the Biological Genome

Based on the above matrix distribution chart, we believe that each type of organism has different matrix distribution patterns due to the varying longitudinal and lateral genetic information contained in its genome. From the lower level to the higher level, and from the simpler to the more complex, a certain matrix distribution sequence is formed. The mathematical expression is as follows:

，

S represents the overall distribution of genetic information matrix in the biological genome;

s represents the partial distribution of genetic information matrix in the biological genome;

X_ij is the statistical figure of the number of genetic information at the corresponding point in the biological genome;

M represents the total number of longitudinal life genetic information sequences (M is a positive integer and M is greater than m);

N represents the total number of lateral life genetic information sequences (N is a positive integer and N is greater than n);

m represents the number of longitudinal life genetic information sequences (m is a positive integer and m is less than M);

n represents the number of lateral life genetic information sequences (n is a positive integer and n is less than N).

We believe that various organisms exhibit different matrix distribution states due to the qualitative and quantitative differences in the longitudinal life genetic information (common information) and the lateral life genetic information (special differential information) contained in their genomic sequences. This distribution pattern demonstrates a trend from lower to higher levels, and from simplicity to complexity. We refer to this distribution pattern as the "biological evolution genetic information matrix distribution law". We consider that the "biological evolution genetic information matrix distribution law" is a very important biological discovery, as it will help us better determine the evolutionary levels and occurrence states of various organisms. This has significant practical value for us to conduct more accurate quantitative analyses of biological evolution degree and biological differentiation degree in the future.

2.1.2 Analysis of the Distribution Characteristics of Genetic Information Matrix in Biological Genomes

(1) Through matrix analysis, it can be observed that the matrix system contains two types of genetic information: one is vertical genetic information, and the other is horizontal genetic information; the sum of these two types of genetic information is M + N. Assuming that these two types of genetic information undergo one hybridization to form a genetic genome, the theoretical number of crossover genes in this genome can be calculated from the matrix as M x N.

(2) The sum of all hybrid genes that can be statistically obtained in the experimental genome matrix is:

(3) The number of hybridized genetic genes within each biological genome represented by each row and column can be expressed by the following formula:

(4) The number of genetic genes crossed between the two types of genetic genes A_i and B_j is the number at the corresponding point in the matrix: X_ij

2.2 Quantitative Analysis of Biological Evolutionary Degree and Biological Differentiation Degree

2.2.1 Biological Evolution Degree and Biological Differentiation Degree

From the perspective of biological evolution, for any organism, due to the different distribution of genetic gene matrices in its genome, from the lower level to the higher level, from simplicity to complexity, the evolutionary degree it exhibits during the process of biological evolution will also be different. From the perspective of biological genesis, for any organism, due to the different evolutionary levels of its genome, the levels of genome replication and expression are also different, from the lower level to the higher level, from simplicity to complexity, thus in the process of biological genesis, it also shows different developmental stages and different differentiation degrees. In any genome, if the evolutionary or differentiation degree formed by the hybridization of longitudinal genetic gene A and lateral genetic gene Bi is represented by fii. Then fii is the ratio of the number (part) of genomes that have evolved or differentiated (partially) to the total number (entirely) of the system's genomes:

2.2.2 Matrix of Biological Evolutionary Degree and Biological Differentiation Degree

Since f" is an element of matrix F. Therefore, the matrix of biological evolutionary degree and biological differentiation degree F is:

The biological evolution degree or differentiation degree matrix (F) actually provides us with a realistic picture of biological evolution or biological occurrence. If this matrix undergoes fuzzy mathematics analysis and computer drawing processing, theoretically, a biological evolution or biological status distribution map can be obtained. Thus, by conducting quantitative analysis of biological evolution degree or biological differentiation degree, we can completely determine the evolutionary degree or differentiation degree of a certain organism, as well as the biological evolutionary level and biological occurrence state in which it is located.

3 The double S-curve law of the life cycle of biological occurrence

The human body, as a life system, exhibits life phenomena. The human body is the highest form of evolution and development in the biological world. The biological occurrence process or the reproductive and developmental process of the human body is a brief and rapid repetition of the entire evolutionary development process of the biological system. As a biological individual, the human body begins its life journey when its fertilized egg is formed. We refer to the life process completed from the formation of the fertilized egg to the gestation of the embryo, to growth and development, and finally to aging and death as the life cycle of the human body. The life cycle process of the human body mainly consists of two stages: the first is the reproductive differentiation stage; the second is the growth and development stage. The reproductive differentiation stage is characterized by the gradual formation of a new life organism from the fertilization, cleavage of the fertilized egg, the formation of the three germ layers, and the formation of the fetus within the old life system, that is, the completion of "fertilized egg - embryo development - fetus formation"; the growth and development stage is characterized by the continuous development and growth of the new life system - the newborn, from infancy to maturity until the final aging and death. That is, the completion of "newborn - growth and development - aging and death". The combination of these two processes precisely constitutes the entire process of the human body from generation to development and then to extinction. This process represents a complete "life cycle" of the development of the human body as a life system.

3.1 Basic process of human reproduction and development

The entire life cycle process of the human body is the reproductive and developmental process of the human body. We divide this process into two stages and eight periods. That is: A. Reproductive differentiation stage, which includes: (1) the period of fertilized egg formation, (2) the period of fertilized egg cleavage, (3) the period of formation of the three germ layers, (4) the period of formation of the fetus; B. Growth and development stage, which includes: (5) the period of birth of the newborn, (6) the period of cell proliferation, (7) the period of sexual maturity, (8) the period of human aging and death. The following are the detailed descriptions:

3.1.1 Reproductive Differentiation Stage

(1) Fertilized Egg Formation Period: This period is a lag phase for the growth of embryonic cells (genetic material). The two sex cells of the human body, namely gametes (sperm and egg), fuse to form a zygote or fertilized egg. The gametes (sperm and egg) are produced by the mother cell through meiosis. During meiosis, the gamete mother cell undergoes two divisions, but the DNA is replicated only once. Due to the absence of one DNA replication, the four cells (gametes) produced by the two divisions each contain only half of the chromosomes. For example, human somatic cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. After meiosis, the sperm and egg produced each contain half of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, becoming haploid cells, namely gametes. The combination of haploid cells (sperm and egg) forms the zygote or fertilized egg, thus completing the formation process of the zygote.

(2) Fertilized Egg Cleavage Period: This period is an exponential growth period for embryonic cells (genetic material). During the movement of the fertilized egg from the fallopian tube to the uterine cavity, it undergoes a series of rapid mitotic processes, which is called cleavage. This developmental period begins with the first mitosis and ends with the formation of the blastocyst. The cleavage of the fertilized egg basically is a typical mitosis, and the morphology and structure of the chromosomes are similar to those of somatic cells. During the cleavage period, the fertilized egg changes from 2 blastomeres to 4 blastomeres, then to 8 blastomeres, then to 16 blastomeres, then to 32 blastomeres, and so on, until the blastocyst stage, and finally to the formation of the early blastocyst. From this, it is easy to observe that the number of embryonic cells (genetic material) in this period shows an exponential growth and an accelerating growth trend. The cleavage process of the fertilized egg indicates, on the one hand, that the replication and expression process of the human body's biological genetic material shows an accelerating trend, and on the other hand, it also indicates that the DNA content shows a rapid growth trend, that is, a geometric growth trend.

(3) Formation of the Three Embryonic Layers Period: This period is a decelerating growth period for embryonic cells (genetic material). This period is the period when embryonic cells undergo differentiation in structure and function. This period can also be called the embryonic cell development period. Its main manifestation is cell differentiation and morphogenesis. During this period, the proliferation of embryonic cells (genetic material) begins to transform into decelerating growth, that is, negative exponential growth or logarithmic growth. And in terms of structure and function, a diverse differentiation process occurs. At the same time, orderly morphogenesis occurs, first forming the three embryonic layers. That is, after this stage of development, the three embryonic layers, namely the inner, middle, and outer layers, are formed. The outer embryonic layer forms the neural tissue and the epidermis, the middle embryonic layer forms the muscles and connective tissue, the vascular system and other internal organs, and the inner embryonic layer forms the digestive tract, namely the epithelium and its derivative structures. The formation and differentiation of the three embryonic layers determine the axial structure of the embryo, form the primordia of various organs, and lay the foundation for the occurrence and differentiation of human organs. The formation period of the three embryonic layers during the human embryonic development process is equivalent to the primitive gut period of animal evolution. Although the changes in the primitive gut period of various animals evolve greatly from the human embryonic period's formation of the three embryonic layers, their basic processes and occurrence mechanisms are similar. The decelerating growth of the number of embryonic cells in this period indicates that the replication and expression process of the biological genetic material begins to slow down, and at the same time, the growth of DNA content shows a turning point of negative exponential growth or logarithmic growth.

(4) Fetal Formation Period: This period is the saturation period for the growth of embryonic cells (genetic material). The fetal formation period is the last period of human embryonic development and the final period of human reproductive differentiation. We know that the formation of the human fetus requires a period of development, that is, the differentiation of the three embryonic layers structure and function. The formation process of the human fetus will repeat the entire process of evolution. The formation of the fetus marks the establishment of human norms. During the process of embryonic development to form a "fetus", different living individuals reach different levels. For example, the embryonic development of fish can only produce fish larvae, that of salamanders can only produce salamander larvae, that of chickens can only produce chicken larvae, that of pigs can only produce pig larvae, and similarly, the embryonic development of humans can only produce human larvae (fetuses). Biology is an evolving process. The reason why different living individuals eventually form corresponding larvae during their embryonic development is mainly determined by the genetic genes (vertical life genetic information and horizontal life genetic information) in their fertilized eggs. These genes contain the life norm information for forming corresponding larvae. The reproductive and developmental process of organisms is a replication and expression process of this norm information. Therefore, the traits expressed in the embryonic development of organisms at different evolutionary levels are also different. However, in the expression process of higher-level organisms, they often repeat some traits of lower-level organisms, which indicates that they have a repetition phenomenon in the process of establishing norms. During this period, the growth of embryonic cells (genetic material) tends towards a zero growth state. Finally, there is a growth and saturation phenomenon. The saturation of embryonic cell growth indicates that the replication and expression of the biological genome are in a relatively saturated state. At the same time, it also indicates that the growth of DNA content is in a relatively saturated state.

3.1.2 Growth and Development Stage

(5) Newborn period: This period is called the lag period of the growth of body cells (genetic material) of various systems in the human body. The formation of the fetus is at this stage. After that. Through childbirth, a newborn is born. The birth of a newborn marks the formal formation of a human being as a normative individual and their arrival in the world. During this period, the process of embryonic cell development can be observed as it transforms into the development of somatic cells. The functions and structures of embryonic cells have ended their differentiation and have formed a new normative system for life. However, this period is immature and not fully developed. The somatic cells of various tissue systems will undergo a new proliferation. The birth of a newborn is a very important period. This period can be regarded as an era of the alternation between new and old, and the birth of a newborn marks the beginning of a new individual life era.

(6) Cell proliferation period: This period is the exponential growth period of the body's various system somatic cells (genomes). This period can also be called the period of human growth and youth development. After the birth of a newborn, it becomes an infant. At birth, the teeth, reproductive organs, etc. have not yet developed, and various body proportions are different from those of adults. This period is when the somatic cells within each system of the body begin to proliferate rapidly and lead the body to develop from a juvenile to an adult form. Therefore, this period can also be called the juvenile growth period. The juvenile growth period is also the period of accelerated growth for the genomes of various system somatic cells. An index growth process of the genomes of various system somatic cells occurs during this period. The characteristic of this period is that no new organs are formed, and the juvenile organs merely grow stronger, with functions continuously strengthening and rapidly developing towards adulthood. We know that human growth is the continuation of embryonic development. The somatic cells during the neonatal period have strong potential for division, so during the early stage of juvenile growth, all types of somatic cells can undergo rapid proliferation. This is what is called post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development refers to the birth of a juvenile from the mother, which is different from the adult in terms of formation of structure, physiological function, and living habits. After the birth of a newborn, growth and development of the human body continue, and the overall growth process after birth generally develops in an accelerated manner, that is, the overall growth process of the human body shows an accelerating growth trend. However, the growth of each system and each organ of the human body occurs at different rates and at different starting times, which leads to an asynchronous phenomenon in the growth process. The appearance of the asynchronous phenomenon indicates that the replication and expression of the biological genomes of each system's somatic cells have different growth rates. This period of the genomes of various system somatic cells as a whole shows exponential growth, which fully indicates that the replication and expression of their biological genomes are in an accelerated growth state, and also indicates that the overall content of DNA is in an exponential growth state.

(7) Sexual maturity period: This period is the decelerated growth period of the body's various system somatic cells (genomes), or it can be called the period of specialization of cell structure and function. During this period, the growth of somatic cells within each system begins to tend towards decelerated growth, that is, negative exponential growth or logarithmic growth. After the human body grows from a juvenile to an adult through the development process, the reproductive system reaches functional maturity. At this time, the entire human body is also completely mature. Therefore, this developmental process is called the sexual maturity process. The main content of human sexual maturity development is the completion of the development of the reproductive system and the beginning of reproductive functions. The sexual maturity development process of the human body is mainly characterized by functional changes in the endocrine system and related parts. The human body has not only male and female genders but also secondary or auxiliary sexual characteristics. During this period, the proliferation of somatic cells in each system of the body shows negative exponential growth, and all of this indicates that the replication and expression of the biological genomes of each system's somatic cells are in a relatively slow growth state, and also indicates that the overall content of DNA is in a negative exponential growth state.

(8) Aging and death period: This period is the saturation period of the growth of the body's various system somatic cells (genomes). When the human body reaches sexual maturity, Then, various degenerative changes occur in terms of structure and function, and these changes increase with age. Eventually, it leads to the death of the human body. Completion

The structure of the mature organism undergoes aging as it ages, which is called senescence. When a person reaches a certain age, growth stops, and after a certain period of time, they begin to age. During this period, the growth of body cells (genomes) in each system of the body tends to zero overall, meaning that the growth of body cells (genomes) reaches a saturation state and shows a saturation phenomenon. During this period, the body structure and physiological functions undergo a series of changes. For example, when a person reaches middle age or old age, hair turns white, the skin wrinkles, and teeth fall out, etc. Symptoms such as these occur. However, every cell in the human body has both new growth and aging; there is growth and death, but the length of life varies, and differences occur due to the types of body cells and environmental conditions. The aging and death of body cells within the body, although closely related to the lifespan of the entire organism, are not completely consistent. The result of aging is death. When the organs of the body become very inefficient, the entire body becomes unable to resist changes in the external environment, infections are difficult to control, the chemical change process loses its self-regulation ability, and eventually, a certain organ is no longer able to perform the functions that other organs rely on, resulting in the death of the human body.

This the growth of somatic cells (genomes) in each system is in a relatively saturated state. This indicates, on the one hand, that the replication and expression of the biological genomes of cells in each system are in a relatively saturated state, and on the other hand, it also suggests that the overall content of DNA is in a relatively saturated state.

The replication and expression are in a relatively saturated state, and this also indicates that the overall content of DNA in the body is growing at a relatively saturated rate.

3.2 Kinetic Analysis of Cell Growth during the Human Life Cycle

Based on the above observations, it is not difficult to see that the human life cycle process is the process of human reproduction, differentiation, and growth and development. By analyzing the cell kinetics of human embryonic cells and somatic cells during their growth process, we find:

Firstly, starting from the fertilized egg (genetic material) of the human body, it undergoes division step by step, that is: one divides into two, two divides into four, four divides into eight, eight divides into sixteen, sixteen divides into thirty-two, thirty-two divides into sixty-four, and so on, until reaching the stage of the mulberry stage; this process is what we call the "accelerated growth period" or "exponential growth period" of human embryonic cells (genetic material). Then it reaches the three-embryo layer stage, and then various embryonic cells undergo structural and functional differentiation. Some embryonic cells begin to differentiate and form brain nerve cells, some differentiate to form limb bone cells, some differentiate to form internal organ cells, some differentiate to form various vascular tissue cells, and so on. As the embryonic cell differentiation process proceeds, the growth of the number of these embryonic cells (genetic material) begins to slow down, presenting a "negative exponential growth" or "logarithmic growth", and finally forming a "fetus". The increase of human embryonic cells (genetic material) occurs.

The long "saturation phenomenon" thus constitutes the logical growth trend of the human embryo cells (genetic material). From this, we can clearly see that the human body has completed the first "logical growth process". The first "S-shaped growth curve" appears. During the reproductive and developmental process of the human body, the first stage is the proliferation of embryo cells (genetic material). From the moment of cell division, there is always a turning point when there is an exponential growth. If no turning point occurs, then the embryo cells (genetic material) will continue to grow exponentially, and the replication process of the biological genome will tend towards infinity. What will be the result? It will inevitably result in a huge embryo cell body (genetic complex). And you can imagine how big it can be. However, this is an absurd result. In fact, it is impossible to occur. From the normal reproductive and developmental process of the human body, the above situation did not occur. Instead, the embryo cells randomly underwent structural and functional differentiation and adjustment. Through the biological occurrence process, the human body "fetus" was ultimately formed. Because

Therefore, the emergence of the inflection point is inevitable and it is a logical choice. It is precisely this choice that led to the appearance of the first S-shaped growth process in human development.

Then, with the birth of "newborns" and the establishment of new human norms, the human body began to move towards a new stage. This

Under the new regulatory and controlling framework within the human body, the body cells (genomes) within each system and tissue start to proliferate and grow. Initially, the growth rate is slow, but during the "adolescent growth period" of adolescence, the growth rate of body cells (genomes) within various system and tissue groups begins to significantly accelerate, showing an accelerating growth trend. This is an "exponential growth" phenomenon. This is also the "golden period" that occurs during an individual's development process. The emergence of this golden period indicates that the human body, as a regulated life system, enters an accelerated growth period. During this period, the nervous system, endocrine system, skeletal system, movement system, respiratory system, etc. all enter an optimal state. With the end of this period, the human body begins to enter a state of maturity development, and sexual maturity occurs. The growth of body cells (genomes) within each system begins to enter a "negative exponential growth" period, presenting a logarithmic growth period. Body cells within each system exhibit specialization. Subsequently, as the human body progresses towards middle age and old age, the growth of body cells (genomes) within each system begins to tend towards "zero growth", entering a saturation state, and body cells within each system show aging and degeneration phenomena. Finally, the human body begins to enter the stage of aging and death. From this, it is not difficult to see that from the birth of a "newborn" to the aging and death of the human body, this stage completes another "logical growth process", and presents a second "S-shaped growth curve". Second

The stage involves the proliferation of body cells within various systems and tissues of the human body. The proliferation of body cells initially follows an exponential growth pattern.

However, the proliferation of body cells cannot continue to grow exponentially for an extended period. If they only proliferate without differentiation or specialization, the growth of body cells will tend towards infinity, and ultimately the human body will grow into a huge organism. This organism will be one that has not undergone effective differentiation and development, and is also a biotic entity that remains youthful and incomplete. You can imagine how large it can grow, but such a result does not exist and is equally absurd. Because the human body begins to grow and develop from the infant stage, from the newborn, and transforms into an adult form. It undergoes the differentiation of human structure and function, ultimately leading to sexual maturity. Similarly, there is a turning point in the growth of body cells (genetic group), with negative exponential growth that conforms to logic and develops towards the middle-aged and elderly direction. Finally, it ages and dies. Thus, the second S-shaped growth process of human body growth emerges.

We call the first completed S-shaped growth process the unconventional growth process, and the second completed S-shaped proliferation process the conventional growth process. The former has no standardization, while the latter has standardization; the former has no specificity, while the latter has specificity; the differentiation of embryonic cells is random, while the differentiation of body cells is deterministic. The combination of these two growth periods constitutes the entire life cycle process of the human body, and the entire life cycle process of the human body is manifested as a continuous "double S-shaped growth curve" (as shown in Figure 2). Thus, the entire process of the human body's life cycle from "fertilized egg" to "fetus" formation, from "newborn" birth to "aging and death" is completed.

【英文版还未正式发表，特此说明】

Figure 2: A schematic diagram of the double S-shaped curve of cell (genetic) growth during human development

It consists of two stages: ，

Phase 1: The growth stage of human embryonic cells (genetic material) (Reproductive differentiation stage: A phase, B phase, C phase, D phase); manifested as the first S-shaped curve;

Phase 2: The growth stage of human somatic cells (genetic material) (Growth and development stage: E phase, F phase, G phase, H phase); manifested as the second S-shaped curve.

Therefore, during the human growth process, the overall growth of cells (genetic material) follows a continuous double S-shaped curve pattern.

We separately integrate the two S-shaped growth processes (embryonic cell growth and somatic cell growth processes), and then sum up the two integrations, and finally obtain the total growth of all cells (genetic material) during the human growth process. The mathematical expression (dynamics model) is as follows:

Ft: Total growth index of human cells (genetic material);

Total growth index of embryonic cells (genetic material);

Total growth index of somatic cells (genetic material);

Total proliferation time of human cells (genetic material);

t_a = t_o - t_l: Growth time of embryonic cells (genetic material);

t_b = t_l - t₂: Growth time of somatic cells (genetic material)；

K_I： Growth coefficient of embryonic cells (genetic material)；

K₂：Growth coefficient of somatic cells (genetic material)；

M：Saturation limit of growth of embryonic cells (genetic material)；

N：Saturation limit of growth of somatic cells (genetic material)；

n_l：Inflection point of growth curve of embryonic cells (genetic material)；

n₂：Inflection point of growth curve of somatic cells (genetic material)

The profound influence of the replication and expression of human biological genome genetic information on the reproductive and developmental processes of the human body

Through a systematic analysis and research on the growth of cells (genomes) during the reproductive and developmental processes of the human body, we have discovered that the reproductive and developmental processes of the human body follow the double S-curve pattern of the life cycle. However, what is the molecular biological basis for the fact that the reproductive and developmental processes of the human body follow the double S-curve pattern of the life cycle? What is the relationship between the replication and expression of the genome genetic information during the reproductive and developmental processes of the human body and the reproductive and developmental processes of the human body? Why does the reproductive and developmental process of the human body exhibit both non-specificity and non-standardization on the one hand, and specificity and standardization on the other hand?

To address this, we will elaborate on the following aspects.

First, we believe that the life cycle process of the human body is the process of replication and expression of the genetic information of the human biological genome, and this process follows the double S-curve pattern. In our view, the replication and expression of the genetic information of the human biological genome is mainly completed in two stages. ，

Firstly, the formation of the embryonic fetus occurs. The fertilized egg (genetic material) undergoes division and proliferation (exponential growth), that is, the embryonic cells undergo rapid and extensive replication of the genetic material, while also expressing some non-specific genetic information, namely the expression of longitudinal life genetic information (general common information), completing the process of biological development (repeating the evolutionary process). Since the longitudinal genetic information is shared by all, it does not have specificity and is basically the same for everyone. This non-specific replication and expression of genetic information enables the embryonic cells of the human body to undergo structural and functional differentiation during proliferation and development. Through the process of biological development, that is, from the fertilized egg to the three germ layers, and finally leading to the emergence of organs such as the brain, limbs, and internal organs of the fetus, the formation of the embryonic fetus occurs, completing the first replication and development of embryonic cells or the replication and expression of the human body's genetic genome. This replication process of embryonic cells is without a specific direction and is a random process of proliferation and differentiation. During the differentiation process of the embryonic cells, they have totipotency, that is, any embryonic cell can differentiate into the brain, limbs, and internal organs of the human fetus. Therefore, it can also be said to be a non-deterministic developmental differentiation process. The replication process of the human body's genetic genome at this stage follows the first S-shaped curve.

Secondly, the formation of a mature individual occurs. After the birth of a newborn, the body cells within each system of the human body undergo division and proliferation (exponential growth), that is, the body cells of each system undergo rapid and extensive replication of the genetic genome, while also expressing specific genetic information, that is, some lateral life genetic information (special differential information). This completes the specific growth and development process of the human body (recreating some genetic characteristics of the parent). The lateral genetic information is not shared by all, it has certain racial, family, individual, etc. differences and exclusivity, therefore, it has certain specificity. This specific replication and expression of genetic information enables the body cells of each system to undergo structural and functional differentiation or specialization during proliferation and development. Finally, it leads to the formation of the adult body, transforming the human body from the embryonic state to the adult state, and then aging and dying. The replication and expression process of the human body's genetic genome is completed. This

During this stage, the proliferation and differentiation process of somatic cells is directional and deterministic, rather than random. Because the proliferation and development process of human body cells proceeds along a specific direction, the differentiation of somatic cells from different systems and tissues occurs according to the developmental direction of each cell. This demonstrates the professionalism of the developmental process. During this stage, the replication and expression process of the human genetic genome follows the second S curve.

The replication and expression of the human biological genome show an accelerated growth period and a saturation period in both stages. However, the characteristics of cell proliferation and development exhibited in these two stages are different. From the above analysis, we can see that the first period is the non-specific proliferation and development of germ cells (non-specific proliferation and development); the second period is the specific proliferation and development of somatic cells (specific proliferation and development). These two processes of cell proliferation and development constitute the entire life cycle of the human body and follow the double S curve pattern. From this, we can easily see that the replication and expression of the human biological genome are periodic and rhythmic, and are carried out according to a certain procedure. That is, starting from the fertilized egg, through the fission process of the fertilized egg, the biological genome of the germ cells undergoes large-scale replication, resulting in a large-scale increase in the human biological genome, that is, a large proliferation of germ cells. The significance of this large proliferation of germ cells is very important; it prepares fully for the random differentiation of germ cells in the future. According to Haeckel's recapitulation law, the biological occurrence process (reproduction and development process) of the human body is a brief and rapid reenactment of the biological system evolution process. During the growth and development of the human body, the replication and expression of the biological genetic genome is not a long evolutionary process, but rather a reenactment of the entire biological system evolution process in its embryonic period. The most essential aspect of biological evolution is the evolution of the biological genome. From a low level to a high level, from simplicity to complexity, from a lower level to a higher level, the main difference lies in the changes in the sequence of the biological genome structure. Because all the life genetic information of the human body is stored in the human biological genome. We know that the formation of the human biological genome map proceeds step by step from the biological world in a vertical direction, but from the horizontal direction, it is formed by the hybridization of the paternal and maternal chromosomes after fertilization and obtained, that is, one parent

Now, since the human body's biological genetic genes are acquired through the evolution of the biological world, they must inherently contain the genetic information of life during the evolutionary process. Therefore, during the embryonic development process, they need to be replicated and expressed gradually. On the other hand, the human body's genetic factors also originate from the hybridization of the parent's chromosomes. Thus, they also contain the genetic information of the parent, and this genetic information needs to be replicated and expressed as well. This is well demonstrated during the post-embryonic development period of human individuals.

Secondly, we believe that during the human body's life cycle, the proliferation and differentiation of human cells and the replication and expression of the human biological genome are directly related. Modern biology has discovered that the sequence of the human biological genome remains unchanged throughout its entire life cycle or during the entire process of cell proliferation and differentiation. That is, the genome sequence of an individual human being from the fertilized egg to the embryonic cell and then to the somatic cell is constant. However, the biological traits developed at different times are different. All of this mainly depends on the secondary large-scale replication and expression of the human biological genome. We have found that the secondary large-scale proliferation and differentiation process of human cells and the secondary large-scale replication and expression process of the human biological genome are directly related. Through a systematic analysis of the human reproductive and developmental process, we have discovered that human individuals have experienced two large-scale rapid replications and expressions of the biological genome during their development. The former occurs during the cleavage period of the fertilized egg (embryonic cell), and the latter occurs during the cleavage period of each system's somatic cells. During these two periods, the number of cells has shown an exponential growth trend. What is the significance of these two rapid cell proliferations? We believe that the first cleavage proliferation leads to rapid cell growth and the differentiation and development into a fetus. This period's rapid growth in the number of embryonic cells means that the replication of the human biological genome has a geometric growth (exponential growth) momentum, that is, the number of human biological genomes is increasing rapidly. With

After that, these large quantities of rapidly replicated human biological genome segments quickly expressed certain fragments, causing the embryonic cells to randomly differentiate into organs such as the fetus's brain, limbs, and internal organs. During this process, the expression was due to longitudinal life genetic information (common information), and there were no obvious individual differences; while the second cell division and proliferation also led to the rapid growth of cells in various systems, the number of biological genomes of these cells showed a geometric growth (exponential growth) trend. At the same time, certain gene fragments in the biological genomes of various systems also underwent functional expression. During this process, the main expression was lateral life genetic information (special difference information), thus resulting in significant individual differences. The replication and expression of human biological genomes twice precisely constituted the entire process of human individual reproduction and development. From this, we discovered that during the growth of human cells, although the structure sequence of their biological genomes remained unchanged, the number of biological genomes increased; the differentiation of cells was the functional expression of certain gene fragments in their biological genomes, but the genetic information expressed at different times was different. The replication of human biological genomes and their expression occurred successively. Replication led to the growth of cell numbers, while expression led to the differentiation of cell structure and function. The individual development process of humans can be regarded as the combination of cell proliferation and differentiation processes, and can also be regarded as the combination of the replication and expression process of their biological genomes. During the entire life cycle of the human body, the growth of cell numbers and the differentiation of cell structure coexist, as do the replication of biological genomes and the expression of their genetic information. At the same time, the growth of cell numbers is consistent with the replication of biological genomes, and the functional differentiation of cells is consistent with the expression of genetic information of biological genomes. Without the replication of human biological genomes, there would be no growth of human cell numbers; without the expression of human biological genome genetic information, there would be no differentiation of cell structure and function. These two aspects are inseparable. The double S-curve process of the human body's biological occurrence cycle is a true reflection of these two aspects.

Thirdly, we believe that the process of human reproduction and development exhibits both certain non-specificity and non-standardization, as well as certain specificity and standardization. We have discovered that during the transformation of human cells from embryonic cell proliferation and development to somatic cell proliferation and development, their specificity and standardization are constantly strengthening, and qualitative changes are also manifested. For example, during their embryonic period, the immune rejection reactions between individuals are not obvious, but once they reach the stage of somatic cell growth, the situation is different, and a strong immune rejection reaction is displayed. What is the reason for this? Modern medical immunology has found that this is mainly because a tissue-related antigen appears on the human body's cell membrane. It is a protein, and the synthesis of this protein is regulated by a special genetic gene. This tissue-related antigen leads to the generation of human specificity. But identical twins or siblings do not have the above rejection reaction. What is the reason for this? This is mainly because the genetic genome of the fertilized eggs of identical twins or siblings is completely the same, and in terms of replication and expression methods, time rhythms, they are also the same, and they also proliferate and develop embryonic cells and somatic cells in the same way. Identical twins or members of different ethnic groups have the above rejection reaction. This indicates that in the same family, the structural sequences of the genetic genomes of fertilized eggs fertilized at different times are different, so the replication and expression methods of genetic genes are also different.

No the biological genome structure sequences of the fertilized eggs of people from the same family are even different. Therefore, the genetic gene function expressions of them are more specific and standardized. Generally, in terms of the intensity of the rejection reaction, they are as follows: monozygotic brothers are less than dizygotic brothers, and dizygotic brothers are less than cross-ethnic brothers. The root cause of all this lies in the formation process of the human biological genome, where the free separation and free combination of biological genetic genes lead to the formation of different biological genome structure sequences in the human body. Therefore, it is easy to see that different arrangements and combinations produce different biological genome maps, and different biological genome maps lead to the generation of different biological traits, that is, different norms or different specificities. Therefore, the difference in biological genome maps and the difference in functional expression are the key to generating specific rejection reactions. The reason why the same embryonic cells show non-specificity is mainly because of their non-specific expression of biological genes. Non-specific expression means that the expression process of the embryonic cell genetic information only activates some common biological gene segments or general gene segments, and does not activate different gene segments or special gene segments, and the synthesized protein does not have specificity. Therefore, the embryonic cell development and differentiation process shows non-specificity and non-standardization. This can be seen from the expression of genetic information, mainly because in the first S-shaped growth period, the human genetic genes mainly express longitudinal life genetic information (general common information), and the longitudinal life information is shared by everyone. Therefore, it does not have specificity. But in the somatic cell period, the somatic cell genes express mainly some lateral life genetic information (special differential information), and these genetic information is not the same for everyone, having racial, family and individual differences and specialities. Therefore, the development and differentiation process of somatic cells shows specificity and standardization. That is to say, in the growth period of somatic cells, as the special gene segments are continuously activated and expressed, and all the expressed special genes are expressed, the synthesized protein naturally has strong specificity.

This therefore, the individual immune rejection reaction becomes even more intense, and the individual specificity and differences become even more obvious. Moreover, during the human life cycle, the differentiation of germ cells in terms of structure and function is completely a random process, a random developmental differentiation process, without any standardized constraints. Those cells differentiate and develop into nerve cells, and those cells differentiate and develop into internal organ cells - all of these are random and uncertain. But during the period of differentiation and development of the body cell structure and function, the situation is different. The development and differentiation process of body cells strictly follows their predetermined cell types. Nerve cells can only differentiate and develop into nerve cells, and liver cells can only differentiate and develop into liver cells. This is not random, but a deterministic developmental differentiation process, which is subject to standardized constraints. This point is also very important for us to understand the non-standardization and standardization of the human reproductive and developmental process. Important.

In conclusion, we believe that the human life cycle process is essentially a replication and expression process of the human biological genome's genetic genes. During this process, the replication and expression of the human biological genetic genome are cyclical in nature. In our view, the replication and expression of the human biological genetic genome have two exponential growth periods and two saturation periods. They occur during the human fertilization and gestation stage and the human growth and development stage. These two stages are directly related to the proliferation and differentiation of human embryonic cells and somatic cells. They are also directly related to the replication and non-specific (non-standard) and specific (standard) functional expression of the human biological genetic genome. The former expresses longitudinal life genetic information (general common information), and the latter expresses lateral life genetic information (special difference information). The combination of these two forms the entire process of human reproduction and development (biological occurrence). And this process, in general, strictly follows the double S-curve law of the life cycle.

5 Conclusion

To sum up, first, through the study of the distribution characteristics of the genetic information matrix of the biological genome, we found that different organisms exhibit different matrix distribution states depending on the quality and quantity of their longitudinal life genetic information (general common information) and lateral life genetic information (special difference information). And from the lower level to the higher level, from simplicity to complexity, there are certain distribution laws. Various organisms are in different temporal and spatial development processes according to their different levels of biological evolution and biological occurrence, and exhibit certain matrix distribution states. This matrix distribution state is unique to each organism. Based on this, we determine it as the genetic information matrix distribution law of biological evolution. According to this law, we can understand the evolutionary degree and differentiation degree of any organism. Secondly, through the study of the human biological occurrence process, we found that in the human reproductive and developmental process, the human body undergoes two cell growth processes. The former is the growth process of embryonic cells, and the latter is the growth process of various system somatic cells. The former shows non-standard and non-specific growth, while the latter shows standard and specific growth. These two processes combine to form a double saturation curve (double S-curve). Therefore, we believe that the human biological occurrence (reproduction and development) process follows the double S-curve law of the life cycle. This is the conclusion we have drawn from the systematic observation of the human reproductive and developmental process and the dynamic analysis of cell growth. At the same time, we believe that according to Haeckel's recurrence law, the reproductive and developmental process of the human body is a brief and rapid reflection of the entire biological system's evolutionary development process. Therefore, not only the biological occurrence process of the individual human follows the double S-curve law of the life cycle, but also the evolution and development process of the entire human and even the entire biological system should follow the double S-curve law of the life cycle.

Finally, through the correlation study of these two laws, we found that the reason why the human reproductive and developmental process follows the double S-curve law of life is that the human biological genome contains two types of life genetic information, namely longitudinal life genetic information (general common information) and lateral life genetic information (special difference information); the replication and expression of these two types of life information lead to the reproduction and development process of the human body following the double S-curve law of the life cycle. Therefore, we believe that strengthening the research on the genetic information matrix distribution law of biological evolution and the double S-curve law of the life cycle of biological occurrence and their correlations, that is, strengthening the research on the formation of the human biological genome and the replication and expression of its life genetic information (longitudinal life genetic information and lateral life genetic information), is necessary. A systematic study of the process will help us ultimately reveal the fundamental laws of biological evolution and biological genesis.

References

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