过去50年间出版的牛顿传记都遗忘了法国天文学家布利奥 — 引力的平方反比律
我在上一篇博客文章中提到,戴维·布儒斯特爵士(Sir David Brewster,1781年12月11日—1868年2月10日)在1860年出版了一部关于牛顿的传记——此书中对布利奥的评价是很公允的:“在牛顿之前从事天文学探究并为确立行星运动的正确体系贡献了若干思想的天文学家中,我们必须提及布利奥、博雷利、胡克、惠更斯、雷恩以及哈雷。”
我查阅了过去50年间出版的许多牛顿传记——无一提及布利奥的引力的平方反比律。为何如此?为什么这些传记的作者们全都遗忘了布利奥的引力的平方反比律?我不知道答案,但这无疑是个发人深省的问题。我们通常可能认为,科学史是忠于史实且公正的;但现在看来,至少在某种程度上,科学史也可以是任人打扮的小姑娘。
以下是我查阅过的牛顿传记。
Louis T. More (1934)《Isaac Newton: A Biography》于90年前出版,其中也给予了布利奥高度的评价。相关的段落如下:
布利奥(Bullialdus,亦作 Bouilleaud,1605-1694)是一位法国天文学家,他观测严谨且成果丰硕;牛顿曾在其巨著《原理》(Principia)中引用他的行星轨道数据,并将其视为权威资料。他是哥白尼体系的热情拥护者;他深信,新科学的成功有赖于毕达哥拉斯学派和柏拉图学派科学观念的复兴,正因如此,他将自己最重要的论著命名为《毕达哥拉斯派天文学》(*Astronomia Philolaica*),以此表明他坚信毕达哥拉斯学派成员菲洛劳斯(Philolaus)才是真正天文学的奠基人。这部著作是该时期最重要的天文学著作之一。书中不仅包含了对天文学史的宝贵综述,还汇集了大量数据。尽管布利奥给予了开普勒应有的肯定,但他同时也指责开普勒提出了关于行星运动的错误假说。书中探讨这一假说的部分位于第一卷的第十二章,标题为《太阳是否推动行星》(*An sol moveat planetas*)。他极力反驳开普勒的观点,即行星的动力源自太阳——开普勒认为太阳具有某种精神性或磁性的“流溢物”(effluvium),正是这种力量驱使那些原本处于惰性状态的行星绕其公转。尽管布利奥提出了四项反驳意见,但他给出的主要理由有二:首先,如果行星果真处于惰性状态,那么它们(以地球和木星为例)又是如何驱动各自的卫星运行的?其次,他根本否认存在任何此类“旋转力”。在论证过程中,他明确指出:行星之间的作用力是沿着连接两天体的直线方向发挥作用的,且其强度与两体之间距离的平方成反比递减。
英文原文: Bullialdus (or Bouilleaud, 1605-1694), a French astronomer, was an accurate and voluminous observer whose data on the orbits of the planets were quoted as authoritative by Newton in the Principia. He was an enthusiastic supporter of the Copernican system; and was so convinced, that the success of the new science was dependent on a revival of the Pythagorean and Platonic scientific conceptions, as to name his most important treatise the Astronomia PhilolaiccP 3 to indicate his belief that Philolaus, the Pythagorean, was the founder of the true astronomy. The work is one of the most important of the period. It contains a valuable summary of the history of astronomy and a wealth of data. While he gives proper credit to Kepler, he accuses him of advancing an erroneous hypothesis of planetary motions. The portion of the work, which discusses this hypothesis, is contained in the twelfth chapter of the first book, headed “An sol moveat planetas”. He combats Kepler’s idea that the motive force of the planets resided in the sun which was endowed with a species, or effluvium, of a spiritual or magnetical nature, and whirled those inert bodies about him in their orbits. While he adduces four ob¬ jections, the significant reasons he gives are first; if the planets are thus inert, how do they, the earth and Jupiter for example, move their own satellites and, secondly, he denies that there are any such whirling forces. In the course of his argument, he affirms that the planetary force is one which acts along the line joining the two bodies and decreases inversely as the square of the distance between them.
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