博文
Near-infrared-II fluorogenic probe for glutathione imaging
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a
Key Laboratory of Haikou Trauma, Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
b
State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
c
Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
Received 22 November 2024, Revised 12 February 2025, Accepted 29 March 2025, Available online 31 March 2025, Version of Record 2 April 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2025.137731
Highlights•Two novel NIR-II fluorescent probes XD-1-GSH, XD-2-GSH were developed.
•XD-1-GSH exhibited optimal response sensitivity for the detection of GSH.
•XD-1-GSH facilitates the visualization of GSH dynamics both in cells and vivo.
•XD-1-GSH demonstrates excellent performance in diagnosing clinical cancer specimens.
- Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a crucial indicator for mapping the redox state of living organisms and has involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Real-time visualization of the GSH dynamics is significant for disease diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation. The second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) window fluorescence imaging demonstrates promise for detecting biological species in vivo, however, GSH-activatable NIR-II imaging probes remain relatively limited and encounter issues regarding detection sensitivity. In this study, we integrated molecular engineering approaches with structure-reactivity relationships to develop NIR-II fluorescent probes designed to elucidate diseases-related GSH variations. Two proof-of-concept probes (XD-1-GSH, XD-2-GSH) have fabricated based on an improved hemicyanine dye platform. Upon evaluating the structure-reactivity relationship, we identified the ideal probe, XD-1-GSH, which exhibits linearity with GSH concentration ranged from 4 to 10 mM and shows the NIR-II signal “on” at 905 nm after GSH activation. Utilizing the NIR-II fluorescence imaging, XD-1-GSH facilitates the determination and visualization of GSH dynamics in both diabetes-induced liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma with high specificity and accuracy. Notably, XD-1-GSH demonstrates excellent performance in diagnosing clinical breast cancer specimens. We expect our propose fluorescence platform can be generalized to design imaging probes for various biomarkers through flexible incorporation of the recognition sites.
Scheme 1. (a) Molecular engineering approaches with structure-reactivity relationships to develop NIR-II fluorescent probes XD-1-GSH&XD-2-GSH for detection of GSH. (b) Schematic diagram showing the construction of primary liver tumor model and its imaging. (c) Schematic diagram showing the imaging of cancer tissues in human specimens.
Fig. 4. Investigation of the feasibility of XD-1-GSH in clinical cancer samples application. (a) Schematic diagram illustrating the detection of cancer tissues in human specimens. (b) Longitudinal ex vivo NIR-II images of cancer tissue from patients after in-situ spraying of (100 nM) XD-1-GSH. (c) Time-depdendent fluorescnce intensity changes in the ROI-a and ROI-b of cancer tisuse shown in (b).(d) Signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of the tumor regions a and b after 60 min incubation of XD-1-GSH. (e) H&E staining of tumor sample from ROI-a. Ex = 808 nm (100 mW/cm²), an exposure time of 300 ms, and a 900 nm long-pass filter.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, by integrating the molecular engineering approaches and structure-reactivity relationships, we developed GSH-activatable NIR-II fluorescent probes for in vivo imaging of GSH dynamics and its associated dis-ease diagnostic applications. Two proof-of-concept probes for GSH, namely XD-1-GSH and XD-2-GSH, were fabricated based on an improved HDs platform. Evaluation of their photophysical properties revealed that XD-1-GSH shows the ideal combination of high specificity, NIR-II emission, and suitable response sensitivity after GSH-mediated activation, permitting it a promising candidate for the imaging of GSH fluctuations. Leveraging the ad-vantages of NIR-II fluorescence imaging, XD-1-GSH was effectively utilized to detect GSH in cases of diabetes-induced liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma model, thereby facilitating diagnosis of the related diseases. More importantly, XD-1-GSH demonstrated its utility in dis-criminating between clinical cancer samples with high imaging contrast. We believe that our molecular platform can be generalized to develop imaging agents for different biological species through flexible modification of the response sites.
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