On Oral Examinations
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2008-1-1 22:47
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There is a great deal of discussion recently in response to Prof. Stearns
article about student cheating and plagiarism. For examples:
2007之剽窃门, http://sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=13549,
耶鲁大学Stearns教授指责北大学生剽窃成风[zz], http://sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=13235
Since it is also difficult and labor intensive to detect cheating, there
are probably considerably more cases of cheating that goes undetected.
Question than arises as to how best to stop this practice. While there are
no easy solutions, at the graduate PhD student level, there is one effective
method I’d like to suggest – conduct a serious oral
examination of the student’s basic knowledge before
admit him/her to begin thesis research.
In many US universities, this is the so-called qualifying examination for
PhD. study. This is the practice of my school of Engineering and applied
sciences at Harvard. Student must pass this exam within five semesters of
being admitted to graduate study. A student must leave the PhD program
after two failures of this exam. It is the most feared exam for all PhD
students. The reasons are very simple
1. It is impossible to cheat during an oral examination. It is generally
four professors against a single student for at least two hours.
2. It is almost impossible to prepare for it. All questions asked will be
very basic. Experienced professors find out very quickly whether
or not a student really understands something or simply reciting
from memory without any insight. For example, many times a
student will come to me beforehand if I am a examination
committee member wishing to know what and how he may prepare
for the exam. I often tell the student that I’ll ask him a specific
question, such as, explain to me what is a “stochastic process”?
Student can prepare for this question anyway s/he like (they in
general have several weeks to prepare). Yet it is amazing how
often a very good student will get hopelessly tangled up in
answering my question despite extensive preparation and
knowledge of it beforehand. While I don’t necessarily fail the
student when s/he cannot satisfactorily answer such a question,
my purpose is to teach them a lesson about what is meant by real
understanding.
3. Written examinations are not foolproof even without cheating. I
remember in the 1950s I was taking a graduate control theory
course at MIT. It was a course taught by one of the authors of the
then famous control theory book of Newton, Gould, & Kaiser. I
received a grade “A” for the course which consisted of two one-
hour exams and one three-hour final. Almost a year later, I
suddenly realized on my own that I misunderstood one of the
important basic facts of the course. While this is not a
condemnation of written examinations, it does point out certain
advantages of an oral examination. It is a two way communication
with FEEDBACK. As a result it can be adaptive and flexible.
This is also the reason why face-to-face interviews are required
before an employee is hired
4. The one disadvantage of an oral examination is that it is labor
intensive. One cannot practice it in a large undergraduate class.
However, Eric Mazur of Harvard has successfully adapted the
ideas behind an oral examination into large undergraduate class
(see http://www.physics.umd.edu/perg/role/PIProbs on peer
instructions). For graduate research group, weekly or daily Socrate
style interactions either individually or in small groups can work
(see my blog articles
On Research and Education #6
http://sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=3859
On Research and Ph.D Education #5 - Sabbatical and Supervisio0n
http://sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=2950 )
Harvard Business School uses this approach of teaching and grading of
student performance in their famed Case Method of teaching. The point is
that one way lecturing and answering exam questions encourages
superficial learning and possible cheating.
Of course whole sale adoption of oral exams in China is not possible
under present circumstance. However, leading schools such as Beida
can set an example.
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