小柯机器人

美国国立卫生研究院N. Altan-Bonnet团队近期取得重要工作进展，他们研究发现肠道病毒在唾液腺中复制并通过唾液感染。相关论文2022年6月29日在线发表于《自然》杂志上。

研究人员报告了肠道病毒有效且持续地感染SGs，达到与肠道中相当的滴度。研究人员证明了肠道病毒会释放到唾液中，从而确定了病毒传播的第二条途径。这对受感染的婴儿来说特别重要，他们的唾液在吸吮过程中通过回流直接将肠道病毒传播到母亲的乳腺中。这就避开了传统的肠道-乳腺轴的途径，导致母体乳汁分泌性IgA抗体的快速激增。

最后，研究人员展示了SG衍生的球状体和细胞系可以复制和传播肠道病毒，从而产生可扩展且可管理的生产系统。总之，他们的研究发现了一个新的肠道病毒传播途径，对治疗学、诊断学以及重要的是防止通过唾液传播的卫生措施具有影响。

据介绍，诺如病毒、轮状病毒和星状病毒等肠道病毒长期以来被认为是通过粪-口传播方式在人群中传播的: 病毒从一个宿主的粪便中进入另一个宿主的口腔，绕过唾液腺（SG）并到达肠道复制，在粪便中脱落并重复传播周期。然而，有些病毒(例如狂犬病)会感染SGs，使口腔成为复制点，唾液成为传播渠道。

附：英文原文

Title: Enteric viruses replicate in salivary glands and infect through saliva

Author: Ghosh, S., Kumar, M., Santiana, M., Mishra, A., Zhang, M., Labayo, H., Chibly, A. M., Nakamura, H., Tanaka, T., Henderson, W., Lewis, E., Voss, O., Su, Y., Belkaid, Y., Chiorini, J. A., Hoffman, M. P., Altan-Bonnet, N.

Issue&Volume: 2022-06-29

Abstract: Enteric viruses like norovirus, rotavirus and astrovirus have long been accepted as spreading in the population through fecal–oral transmission: viruses are shed into feces from one host and enter the oral cavity of another, bypassing salivary glands (SGs) and reaching the intestines to replicate, be shed in feces and repeat the transmission cycle1. Yet there are viruses (for example, rabies) that infect the SGs2,3, making the oral cavity one site of replication and saliva one conduit of transmission. Here we report that enteric viruses productively and persistently infect SGs, reaching titres comparable to those in the intestines. We demonstrate that enteric viruses get released into the saliva, identifying a second route of viral transmission. This is particularly significant for infected infants, whose saliva directly transmits enteric viruses to their mothers’ mammary glands through backflow during suckling. This sidesteps the conventional gut–mammary axis route4 and leads to a rapid surge in maternal milk secretory IgA antibodies5,6. Lastly, we show that SG-derived spheroids7 and cell lines8 can replicate and propagate enteric viruses, generating a scalable and manageable system of production. Collectively, our research uncovers a new transmission route for enteric viruses with implications for therapeutics, diagnostics and importantly sanitation measures to prevent spread through saliva.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04895-8

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04895-8

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