小柯机器人

德国马克斯·普朗克演化人类学研究所Johannes Krause等研究人员合作揭示十四世纪欧亚大陆中部黑死病的来源。相关论文于2022年6月15日在线发表于国际学术期刊《自然》。

研究人员表示，中世纪黑死病大流行（公元1346-1353年）的起源一直是一个持续调查的话题，因为该大流行病对人口的影响很大，而且后果长期存在。到目前为止，最有争议的考古学证据可能来自于位于现代吉尔吉斯斯坦伊塞克湖附近的公墓。这些地方被认为安置了十四世纪的流行病受害者，因为墓碑上的铭文直接注明了1338-1339年的"瘟疫"是被埋者的死因。

研究人员报告了从其中两个墓地（Kara-Djigach和Burana）挖掘出的七个人的古代DNA数据。对考古学、历史和古代基因组数据的综合分析表明，鼠疫细菌耶尔森氏菌明显参与了这次流行病事件。两个重建的古代耶尔森氏菌基因组代表一个菌株，并被确定为通常与该大流行病的出现有关的主要多样化的最新共同祖先，这里的时间是14世纪上半叶。与扩大的天山地区的耶尔森氏菌贮藏库的现今多样性比较，支持复原的古老菌株在当地出现。通过多条证据，这些数据揭示了十四世纪早期在欧亚大陆中部的第二次鼠疫大流行来源。

附：英文原文

Title: The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia

Author: Spyrou, Maria A., Musralina, Lyazzat, Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido A., Kocher, Arthur, Borbone, Pier-Giorgio, Khartanovich, Valeri I., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Djansugurova, Leyla, Bos, Kirsten I., Khnert, Denise, Haak, Wolfgang, Slavin, Philip, Krause, Johannes

Issue&Volume: 2022-06-15

Abstract: The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic (AD1346–1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic’s extensive demographic impact and long-lasting consequences1,2. Until now, the most debated archaeological evidence potentially associated with the pandemic’s initiation derives from cemeteries located near Lake Issyk-Kul of modern-day Kyrgyzstan1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. These sites are thought to have housed victims of a fourteenth-century epidemic as tombstone inscriptions directly dated to 1338–1339 state ‘pestilence’ as the cause of death for the buried individuals9. Here we report ancient DNA data from seven individuals exhumed from two of these cemeteries, Kara-Djigach and Burana. Our synthesis of archaeological, historical and ancient genomic data shows a clear involvement of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis in this epidemic event. Two reconstructed ancient Y. pestis genomes represent a single strain and are identified as the most recent common ancestor of a major diversification commonly associated with the pandemic’s emergence, here dated to the first half of the fourteenth century. Comparisons with present-day diversity from Y. pestis reservoirs in the extended Tian Shan region support a local emergence of the recovered ancient strain. Through multiple lines of evidence, our data support an early fourteenth-century source of the second plague pandemic in central Eurasia.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04800-3

Nature：《自然》，创刊于1869年。隶属于施普林格·自然出版集团，最新IF：69.504
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