法国蒙彼利埃大学 Orsolya Vincze 团队对哺乳动物的癌症风险进行了评估，这一研究成果于2021年12月22日在线发表于《自然》杂志。
在这里，研究人员使用了成年的动物园饲养的哺乳动物（110,148 只个体，191 个物种）数据，构建和分析了与癌症相关的死亡率数据库，并将年龄控制的癌症死亡率映射到哺乳动物生命树中。研究人员证明了哺乳动物致癌现象的普遍性和高频率，并揭示了不同哺乳动物癌症死亡率的显著差异。他们发现，癌症死亡率的系统发育分布与动物饮食有关，食肉动物(尤其是食用哺乳类动物)面临最高的癌症相关死亡率风险。
此外，研究人员证明癌症死亡风险在很大程度上与物种的体重和预期寿命无关，为“佩托悖论” （Peto's Paradox）的提供了明确的证据。这些结果突出了生命史进化在形成癌症抵抗方面的关键作用，并为寻求天然抗癌防御方面提供了重大进展。
据了解，癌症是后生动物普遍存在的疾病，对体积更大、寿命更长的生物体可能影响更大。体积较大及寿命较长的生物体具有更多的细胞分裂数量，因此会导致体细胞突变的可能性增加。虽然在物种中记录了体型越大或寿命越长的生物患癌症的风险越高，但 “佩托悖论” 表明，在类群之间明显缺乏这样的联系。然而，由于难以评估非模型物种的癌症风险，因此“佩托悖论”缺乏明确的经验证据。
附：英文原文
Title: Cancer risk across mammals
Author: Vincze, Orsolya, Colchero, Fernando, Lematre, Jean-Francois, Conde, Dalia A., Pavard, Samuel, Bieuville, Margaux, Urrutia, Araxi O., Ujvari, Beata, Boddy, Amy M., Maley, Carlo C., Thomas, Frdric, Giraudeau, Mathieu
Issue&Volume: 2021-12-22
Abstract: Cancer is a ubiquitous disease of metazoans, predicted to disproportionately affect larger, long-lived organisms owing to their greater number of cell divisions, and thus increased probability of somatic mutations1,2. While elevated cancer risk with larger body size and/or longevity has been documented within species3,4,5, Peto’s paradox indicates the apparent lack of such an association among taxa6. Yet, unequivocal empirical evidence for Peto’s paradox is lacking, stemming from the difficulty of estimating cancer risk in non-model species. Here we build and analyse a database on cancer-related mortality using data on adult zoo mammals (110,148 individuals, 191 species) and map age-controlled cancer mortality to the mammalian tree of life. We demonstrate the universality and high frequency of oncogenic phenomena in mammals and reveal substantial differences in cancer mortality across major mammalian orders. We show that the phylogenetic distribution of cancer mortality is associated with diet, with carnivorous mammals (especially mammal-consuming ones) facing the highest cancer-related mortality. Moreover, we provide unequivocal evidence for the body size and longevity components of Peto’s paradox by showing that cancer mortality risk is largely independent of both body mass and adult life expectancy across species. These results highlight the key role of life-history evolution in shaping cancer resistance and provide major advancements in the quest for natural anticancer defences.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04224-5
Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04224-5
Nature：《自然》，创刊于1869年。隶属于施普林格·自然出版集团，最新IF：69.504
官方网址：http://www.nature.com/
投稿链接：http://www.nature.com/authors/submit_manuscript.html
本期文章：《自然》：Online/在线发表
