博文
【论文】寄主植物叶片物理性状对潜叶昆虫的影响
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戴小华,朱朝东,徐家生,刘仁林,王学雄.寄主植物叶片物理性状对潜叶昆虫的影响.生态学报,2011,31(5):1440~1449.
Dai X, Zhu C, Xu J, Liu R, Wang X. Effects of physical leaf features of host plants on leaf-mining insects. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011,31(5):1440~1449.
参见生态学报网站，可下载全文。链接：http://www.ecologica.cn/stxb/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=stxb201007231080&flag=1
| 中文摘要: |
| 潜叶昆虫广泛分布于鳞翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目和膜翅目中,其幼虫潜入叶片内部生活和取食,是一类用于研究植物-昆虫-天敌种间关系和协同进化的重要模式生物。有些潜叶昆虫是重要农林害虫。相比外食性昆虫,在叶内取食的潜叶昆虫幼虫更易受到叶片物理性状的直接影响。叶片的着生位置、朝向、大小、颜色和表皮毛等直接决定潜叶虫成虫的取食和产卵选择,从而影响幼虫的空间分布和寄主适应。叶片的某些物理性状也会直接影响幼虫的取食行为、生长发育和被寄生率。研究叶片物理性状的防御作用以及潜叶昆虫对这些防御的适应,有助于了解潜叶昆虫-寄主植物的协同进化。另一方面,外界环境和遗传育种都有可能改变植物叶片的物理特性,而对潜叶害虫产生抗性,从而实现潜叶害虫的可持续生态控制。 |
| English Summary: |
| Leaf-mining insects, belonging to Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, or Hymenoptera, have larvae that live and forage inside leaves. The mines remain visible for a long time and the life time of most leafmining larvae is spent inside the mine. Ecologists and even paleontologists can without much difficulty reconstruct the living conditions of these insects and evaluate their influences on host plants. Most leafminers are monophagous or oligophagous and many leaf mines are species-specific. Therefore, leafminers are often used as model organisms to study plant-insect-natural enemy interactions and co-evolution. Although leafminer outbreaks do not occur often in natural habitats, some leafminers are prevalent pests in agriculture and forestry. Due to their small body size, short life history, high reproductive ability and endophagous habit, leafmining pests are not easily discovered during their early stages of development. Once they break out, they damage the leaves and thus degrade photosynthesis and production. Compared to ectophagous insects, endophagous leafminers should depend more on leaf characteristics. There are many reports on relationship between leaf miners and chemical composition of host plant leaves, whereas few reviews on physical leaf features. Thence we summarize the effects of physical leaf properties on the feeding, survival, distribution, reproduction and behavior of leafminers. For example, the location, directional poisition, size, color and trichome of leaves have direct impacts on feeding behavior and oviposition site selection of adult leafminers; and therefore also on where larva live and quality of their food. Some physical features of the leaves also act directly on the feeding behavior, parasitism and development of leafmining larvae. (1) Leaf location and direction: The oviposition and feeding of adults are generally located at the middle to lower parts of plant individuals and thus the eggs and larvae often occur in the same parts. The light conditions of leaves in different positions vary and this will indirectly affect the development, survival and parasitism of leafmining larvae via leaf features, nutrient contents, secondary compounds and mine temperatures. However, some leafmining larvae can avoid adverse light effects through selective foraging. (2) Leaf size: Leaf size has a positive relationship with optimal oviposition choices for adults and the developmental success of larvae. (3) Leaf thickness: There is no distinct relationship between leaf thickness and leaf mining. (4) Leaf color: The influence of leaf color on leafmining varies with insect species. (5) Leaf trichomes: Leaf trichomes can disturb the oviposition and feeding of leafminers, but some leafminers select leaves with more densed trichomes since trichomes can also disturb the searching behavior of paristic wasps and reduce the feeding competition of ectophagous insects. (6) Leaf veins: Many leafminers avoid indigestible vascular bundles while some specialized leafminers prefer leaf veins because leaf veins can provide shelter against natural enemies. Combining both physical and chemical information of leaves leafminers can form identifying patterns on host plants. The oviposition choices of leafminer adults determine larvae location and thus have a large influence on leafminer population dynamics. However, if polyphagous leafminers oviposite eggs on non-host plants and if they manage to complete their life history their host range can be extended. Studies on the defenses of leaf physical structure and the adaptations of leafminers to these structural defenses are helpful in understanding the co-evolution between leafminers and their host plants. Physical characteristics of plant leaves can be altered by environmental factors and genetic breeding. In this way, leaves can become resistant and the sustainable ecological control of leafmining pests may be achieved. |
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