这个题目太复杂了，以致在这个短文中不可能充分讨论。但是，其成功的科学道理和美国和其它发达国家成功发达的道理是相同的。

以下我提供一些规章文件。它们是大学，学院，和系的法律和规章。请注意：没有任何文件指定哪个主义必须要坚持的和哪个政党必须是领导党。

让我只举一个例子。第一个是美国大学教授协会（AAUP）的向美国各大学推荐的关于学术自由和终身教职的规定。这些规定好像会造成一批不努力工作的教授们。但是，这个政策给了每个终生教授必要的环境，使他敢于尝试高风险的可能使他的大学和学院知名的、有高影响力的研究主题。

中国大学现在时兴一类短视的、不科学的科研评价标准。这类标准用了歧视性的期刊和会议的分区表、发表文章的数量、得到的科研经费数目等。这样的环境逼着教授们去搞能快出文章的题目以达到文章数的指标、和联系干活的合同以给大学带来更多的钱。那些想干有高影响力的研究的人会因为需时较长而无法生存。譬如，请读“我在复旦大学的十年遭遇：为推动改革｀钱学森之问’的科研环境”http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-395089-834977.html.

总之，在美国和其它发达国家里的大学成功的原因和美国和其它发达国家发达的原因是一样的：对每个国家的政府的权力的有效制约和平衡的大环境加上对每个大学的行政权力的有效制约和平衡的小环境。我并不是说以下的规章制度是完美无缺的(看我以下的评论)。虽然中国现在有了更多的科研的钱和更多的从事科研的人，中国大陆必须尽快地改进这两个环境。

How American Universities Became Successful?

By Juyang Weng

This subject is too complex to be fully discussed in this short article. However, the scientific reason of the success is the same as the developmental success of the UnitedStates of America, and other developed countries.  

I provide in the following some documented realregulations whose full and thorough execution are critical for the success for any university and college.  They are bylaws of  universities, colleges, and departments.  Note that none of the document states which ism is the ism that must be stick to and what  party is the leading party.

Let me just give an example.  The first document on Academic Freedom andtenure of AAUP looks like it will produce a faculty who does not work hard.  However, this policy gives each tenured faculty the necessary environment for him to dare to work on a risky research subject that has a potential to make his university and college well known －－ high impact.  

Chinese universities currently use shortsighted and unscientific research evaluation criteria that are based on tables for journal zones and conference zones of discriminative nature, the number of papers, and the amount of researchmoney.  Such an environment forces the faculty to work on quick papers so as to fit the number of papers required, and look for labor-work contracts that pay university more money.  Those who work on high impact research will take too long to survive.  See, e.g., “My Ten Years of Suffering at Fudan University: Pushing to Reform the Research Environment Questioned by Qian Xuesheng” (in Chinese) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-395089-834977.html.

In summary, the reasons behind the success of university in the United States of American and in other developed countries are the same as the reasons why the U.S. and other developed countries are developed:  Effective checks-and-balances of government powers in each country as a global environment plus the checks-and-balances of the administrative powers in each university as a local environment.  I do not mean that the regulations that I provided below are perfect (e.g., see my comments below).  Although China has more research money and more people working on research, the main land China must improve the both environments as quickly as possible.

1. Recommended Institutional Regulations on Academic Freedom and Tenure of AAUP
http://www.aaup.org/file/RIR%202014.pdf

2. Bylaws of University of Michigan

http://www.regents.umich.edu/bylaws/

3. Faculty Governance at the University of Michigan

http://facultysenate.umich.edu/resources/faculty-governance.pdf 

4. Faculty Handbook of University of Michigan

http://www.provost.umich.edu/faculty/handbook/handbook.pdf

5. Grievance Procedure of University of Michigan (I do not recommend that of MSU because of a major flaw: How MSU Lacks Due Process: A Bylaw Perspective,  http://www.brain-mind-magazine.org/read.php?file=BMM-V2-N2-a5-Masfis-a.pdf)

http://facultysenate.umich.edu/resources/grievance.pdf

6. CSE Graduate Handbook of Michigan State University

http://www.cse.msu.edu/Students/Current_Grad/GradHandbook.php

7. Graduate Program of EECS of University of Michigan

http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/graduate/ee/eeprogram_new.pdf