扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂群落

陈华燕

扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (半翅目Hemiptera: 粉蚧科Pseudococcidae)原产美国，近年来逐渐成为亚洲国家的入侵性害虫。扶桑绵粉蚧（图1）是杂食性害虫，寄主植物范围广，可取食64属267种植物(Nagrare et al., 2019)，包括棉花等重要的经济作物(Nagrare et al., 2019; Rezk et al., 2019)，在亚洲国家尤其是印度和巴基斯坦对棉花造成巨大的经济损失，因此它又被称为“棉花粉蚧”。2008年在广州首次发现该害虫入侵我国(武三安和张润志, 2009)，截至2018年底，该害虫已在我国大陆分布至16个省、直辖市、自治区，而且根据气候适应性分析，我国所有的棉花产区都有被扶桑绵粉蚧入侵的风险（Wang et al., 2020）。

扶桑绵粉蚧主要以若虫和雌成虫吸食植物的叶片、枝条、果实、主干和根部韧皮部汁液，分泌蜜露导致烟煤病发生，影响植物光合作用，同时作为媒介昆虫传播多种植物病毒(Saeed et al., 2007; 陈红松等, 2019)。目前，化学防治还是扶桑绵粉蚧的主要防治方法。但由于扶桑绵粉蚧体外有蜡脂保护、卵胎生、世代重叠和隐藏等习性，有效的防治手段常常限于使用传统杀虫剂 (Fand et al., 2015); 然而由于长期和大量使用化学农药，导致扶桑绵粉蚧对多种杀虫剂产生了抗药性或交互抗性，引起虫情反弹(Kaur and Virk, 2011; Ejaz et al., 2019; Nagrare et al., 2019; Afzal et al., 2019)，同时，杀虫剂影响非靶标生物、影响环境和人类健康(Asogwa et al., 2010)。因此，扶桑绵粉蚧的可持续性防治手段，如生物防治等，近年来逐渐得到了很大的关注。利用天敌（尤其是寄生蜂）来控制害虫的生物防治被认为是自然控制扶桑绵粉蚧的关键手段。目前，在全世界有扶桑绵粉蚧分布的区域已经发现该粉蚧的至少有6科38种（见表1）原寄生蜂或重寄生蜂。进一步在生物防治上对这些寄生蜂进行评估和利用，需要对这些物种进行正确鉴定。因为不同的原寄生蜂其生物学特性有所不同，控制害虫的效果也有所不同，而我们希望能够找到安全高效的种类。另外，重寄生蜂作为原寄生蜂的寄生蜂，会大大降低原寄生蜂的防治效果。因此，需要全面了解和鉴定扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂群落。我们经过接近10年的调查，在华南9个省份和地区发现了扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂种类达18种（见表1），隶属膜翅目4科11属，其中原寄生蜂8种，重寄生蜂10种。原寄生蜂以亚利桑那跳小蜂Aenasius arizonensis (Girault)（＝班氏跳小蜂Aenasius bambawalei Hayat）（图2）为优势种，已有的研究表明，该种具有较大的潜力对扶桑绵粉蚧进行有效控制，未来的研究应该关注开发该跳小蜂的大量繁殖和田间释放。重寄生蜂尤以南京刷盾跳小蜂Cheiloneurus nankingensis Li & Xu（图2）为优势种，该重寄生蜂寄生亚利桑那跳小蜂，且聚寄生，一个僵蚧可育出多达19只后代，会大大降低亚利桑那跳小蜂的防治效果。异地引入亚利桑那跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧进行生物防治时，必须避免同时引进了重寄生蜂。

图1. 扶桑绵粉蚧

图2. A 亚利桑那跳小蜂Aenasius arizonensis 寄生扶桑绵粉蚧 B 南京刷盾跳小蜂Cheiloneurus nankingensis 重寄生扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂（可能是亚利桑那跳小蜂）C 黄脸拟暗蚜小蜂Promuscidea unfasciativentris 在扶桑绵粉蚧僵蚧上寄生

表1. 扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂／重寄生蜂（“？”号代表生物学不确定）

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