My goal is to show how to write “better” (mainly in terms of grammar in this case).

目的：提高读者的科技英语写作水平(不是跟作者过不去)。

Green highlight is used to show good writing.

绿色: 好好学习。

Yellow means "questionable."

黄色：有问题。

Blue: Pay attention.

蓝色：需要关注。

Observations and Dynamics of Circulations in the North Indian Ocean

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-19-5864-9

Authors:

·       Julian P. McCreary , 

·       Satish R. Shetye

Blogger’s note: Don’t let the “north” in the book title mislead you. They authors define “North Indian Ocean” clearly, at the beginning, to include the region north of 10ºS.

Chapter 1

Introduction

The goal of this book is twofold: to summarize observations of large-scale, climatological circulations in the region of the Indian Ocean north of 10ºS (the North Indian Ocean); and to describe the basic processes that determine them. The book is divided into four parts, which separately consider observations (Part I) and processes (Parts II–IV). Because the basic processes are linear, we illustrate them with analytic and numerical solutions to a linear model, namely, the linear continuously stratified (LCS) model. An essential part of the book are videos of these solutions, which are available on the web.

Blogger’s note: When you see linear continuously stratified (LCS) model, you may wonder why “linear” is followed by adv.+adj.+noun. Well, that is because a comma is missing; it should be “linear, continuously stratified (LCS) model.”

Part I 

Observations: Atmospheric Forcing and Ocean Response 

Chapter 2
Atmospheric Circulation

Abstract The South Asian Monsoon dominates the atmospheric circulation over the North Indian Ocean. It results from the annual, meridional migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the global-scale tropical rain belt. During boreal summer, the ITCZ lies in the northern hemisphere, ensuring that atmospheric fields associated with the summer monsoon (e.g., winds and precipitation) have significantly higher magnitudes than they do during the rest of the year. The spatial and temporal structures of the ITCZ result from complex interactions among the atmosphere, orography, and ocean. One consequence of these interactions is that during summer the Bay of Bengal becomes the most active region of the global ITCZ. Superimposed on the climatological-mean annual cycle is variability at interannual and sub-annual time scales, with amplitudes as large as that of the annual cycle itself. 

Blogger’s notes: 

1) Check out the title of Chapter 3, and you may see why I have a “problem” with a missing “s.” 

2) It is more common to use “during the boreal summer.”

Chapter 3
Ocean Forcing and the Surface Mixed Layer 

Abstract The ocean is forced by radiation from and to the atmosphere, fluxes across the air-sea interface, and by freshwater input from precipitation and rivers. They drive circulations in the surface mixed layer (ML) of the ocean, which in turn force deeper circulations. We review each of these forcings, and discuss their impacts on ML properties in both the real ocean and ML models. One impact of evaporation and freshwater input is that the ML thickness differs markedly in the northern areas of the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. In the northern Bay, high freshwater input decreases near-surface salinity and density, and the resulting increase in near-surface stratification ensures that the ML remains relatively thin. Conversely, in the northern Arabian Sea high evaporation increases near-surface salinity and density, decreasing the near-surface stratification and allowing the ML to thicken to larger values. During the summer monsoon, the thinner ML in the northern Bay leads to sea-surface temperature being warm enough to support atmospheric convection, making the northern Bay one of the rainiest regions in the global tropics. 

Blogger’s notes: 

1) I try not to use “forcings.” You can avoid it by using “forcing factors.” 

2) By now, SST has been used; so there is no need to spell it out.

Chapter 4
Ocean Circulations

Abstract This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of prominent NIO circulations, as determined from historical observations (hydrography, current-meter records, daily sea level, monthly drifter data, etc.). We begin by reviewing the NIO’s water masses, which provide a picture of its mean flow and overturning circulations. Then, we discuss the annual cycle of upper-ocean circulations in geographically distinct locations: the southern hemisphere, equatorial region, Sumatra/Java coast, Andaman Sea, Bay of Bengal, south of Sri Lanka, Arabian Sea (including the East Arabian and Somali Currents), and marginal seas (Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden). In each location, major currents are identified, as well as upwelling regions (if there are any). Key processes that drive the currents are also noted, together with references to later chapters where those processes are discussed in detail. One notable process, which dynamically links circulations in many locations, is the reflection of equatorial Kelvin waves from the NIO eastern boundary as Rossby waves and coastally-trapped waves. The reflected waves propagate into the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, where they impact the East India Coastal Current, the monsoon currents south of Sri Lanka, the West India Coastal Current, and circulations in the Gulf of Oman 

Blogger’s notes: 

1) Most people do not know how to use “as well as” correctly, as in this case. 2) Better to use “these processes.”

Part II 

Models 

Chapter 5 Ocean Models 

Abstract Models commonly used to study the ocean are reviewed. Most of the chapter derives the equations of motion for the linear, continuously stratified (LCS) model, which are used to obtain most of the solutions in this book. They are obtained by a step-by-step simplification of the equations for a typical, ocean general circulation model. Solutions to the LCS model are represented as expansions in the vertical normal modes of the system: one barotropic mode and an infinite set of baroclinic ones. Layer models are also discussed, and their close relationship to the LCS model noted. 

Blogger’s note: A comma is missing before “noted.”

Part III 

Free Waves 

Chapter 6 Overview 

Abstract A general property of wind-forced solutions is that the ocean adjusts locally within the forcing region and remotely by radiating waves, the latter process being very prominent in the NIO owing to the variability of monsoon winds. In this overview chapter, we review general properties of all waves: their spatial structure, phase, and phase velocity; dispersion relation; group velocities in uniform and slowly- varying media; and the impact of damping. The following two chapters then apply these concepts to waves that exist in the NIO, both at midlatitudes and near the equator. 

Blogger’s note: Stay away from “very” in scientific writing.

Chapter 7 Midlatitude Waves 

Abstract Free-wave solutions for a mode of the LCS model are obtained that are valid at midlatitudes (away from the equator). The dispersion relation for Rossby waves is derived when the Coriolis parameter f is constant, and under a realistic restriction it is shown to be valid even when f varies. The concepts of critical frequency σcr and critical latitude θcr are introduced. Kelvin waves are found along both zonal and meridional coasts. Along a meridional coast and when f varies, Kelvin waves exist only poleward of θcr (β-plane Kelvin waves); as for f -plane Kelvin waves, β-plane Kelvin waves decay offshore, but they also have a weak westward propagation. Equatorward of θcr , Rossby waves radiate offshore along ray paths that are directed meridionally, as well as westward. Similar properties exist even if the coast if the coast is slanted (i.e., not directed precisely north-south), the major difference being that the value of θcr is decreased. 

Blogger’s note: “That” defines “solutions.” So, it’s better to use “, which are valid...”

Chapter 8 Equatorial Waves 

Abstract Near the equator, free-wave solutions are found under the assumption that the Coriolis parameter is given by f = βy (the equatorial β-plane approximation), which allows them to be represented as expansions in Hermite functions φ j , j = 0, 1, 2, . . .. Consequently, equatorial Rossby and gravity waves form a discrete set, with each wave corresponding to a specific j value. The j = 0 wave is a new type of wave, the mixed Rossby/gravity (Yanai) wave, which, depending on its zonal wavenumber, has properties similar to a Rossby or gravity wave. An equatorial Kelvin wave also exists. Solutions for the structures of these waves and their dispersion relations are obtained. Similarities between midlatitude and equatorial Rossby/gravity waves are noted: The two sets describe the same waves, differing only because of the approximation of f used to obtain them. 

To be continued