博文
科学理论的变迁
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科学理论的变迁
武夷山
英国伯明翰大学经济学史与经济哲学教授Roger E. Backhouse在Economics and Philosophy（经济学与哲学）杂志2004年第一期发表书评，评论的是美国普及桑大学经济学教授Wade Hands发表于2001年的著作Reflections without rules: Economic Methodology and Contemporary Science Theory（《无规则的反思：经济学方法论与当代科学理论》，剑桥大学出版社）。该书介绍了科学理论的主要变迁：
――自然主义转向，以蒯因的自然主义认识论为代表，它是基于心理学的。
――社会学转向，以贝尔纳、默顿为代表，直到后来的科学知识社会学都属于这个路数。
――实用主义、话语分析与情境性，这里讨论了：实用主义转向；新实用主义转向；话语转向；转向与女性主义相联系的更加关注具体情境的方法论。涉及的主要学者和论题包括皮尔士、杜威、罗蒂、话语分析、经济修辞学（或论辩学）。
――经济学转向，人们越来越多地用增长理论和微观经济学来说明科学，这里讨论了科学经济学和科学知识经济学，涉及的主要学者包括Philip Kitcher，Partha Dasgupta，Paul David， Jim Wible，等等。
博主：这本书与单纯讨论科学哲学或科学社会学的著作不一样，是从经济学方法论的流变的角度来观察科学元勘领域的，独具只眼。在现实生活中，经济对科学活动发生了很大的影响；那么从学理的角度说，探讨经济学对科学元勘的影响也是顺理成章的。不过，不具备Roger E. Backhouse教授那样深厚的学养，就不敢触及这个题目。
该书目录如下（http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Reflection-without-Rules/D-Wade-Hands/e/9780521497152/）：
Table of Contents
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Preface |
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1 |
Introduction |
1 |
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1.1 |
Economic Methodology |
3 |
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1.2 |
Contemporary Science Theory |
4 |
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1.3 |
Changing the Subject |
6 |
|
1.4 |
A Reader's Guide |
8 |
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2 |
The Methodological Tradition in Economics |
13 |
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2.1 |
The Millian Tradition in Economic Methodology |
14 |
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2.2 |
Variations on Positivist Themes |
48 |
|
3 |
The Breakdown of the Received View within the Philosophy of Science |
70 |
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3.1 |
The Received View within the Philosophy of Science |
72 |
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3.2 |
The Attack on the Received View |
95 |
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3.3 |
First Round Responses |
110 |
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3.4 |
Setting the Stage for the Naturalistic Turn |
125 |
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4 |
The Naturalistic Turn |
128 |
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4.1 |
Naturalizing Epistemology |
130 |
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4.2 |
Psychology and the Cognitive Approach to Knowledge |
141 |
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4.3 |
Encouragement from Darwin: Evolutionary Epistemology |
154 |
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4.4 |
Eliminative Materialism and the Philosophy of Mind |
165 |
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5 |
The Sociological Turn |
172 |
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5.1 |
Society and Scientific Knowledge |
175 |
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5.2 |
The Sociology of Scientific Knowledge |
186 |
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5.3 |
Nature, Society, SSK, and Economics |
199 |
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6 |
Pragmatism, Discourse, and Situatedness |
213 |
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6.1 |
The Pragmatic Turn |
215 |
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6.2 |
Neopragmatism and the Discursive Turn |
241 |
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6.3 |
Feminist Epistemology and Economics |
260 |
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7 |
Recent Developments in Economic Methodology |
274 |
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7.1 |
The Popperian Tradition |
275 |
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7.2 |
The Millian Tradition |
304 |
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7.3 |
Realist Themes |
320 |
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7.4 |
Cognitive and Semantic Themes |
334 |
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8 |
The Economic Turn |
353 |
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8.1 |
The Economic Turn in Contemporary Science Theory |
354 |
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8.2 |
The Economics of Science |
361 |
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8.3 |
The Economics of Scientific Knowledge (ESK) |
365 |
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8.4 |
Some Final Thoughts on the Economic Turn |
388 |
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9 |
Conclusion |
393 |
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9.1 |
Lessons from the New Economic Methodology |
396 |
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9.2 |
A Few Issues of Concern |
402 |
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References |
408 |
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Web Sites |
460 |
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Index |
463 |
谈谈科学
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