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[小资料] 凯利（Mervin Joe Kelly）三事

已有 1168 次阅读 2023-11-23 22:51 |个人分类:历史 - 人物|系统分类:科研笔记

壮志未酬身将死？长使咱家泪满澿。

[小资料] 凯利（Mervin Joe Kelly）三事

凯利： Mervin Joe Kelly

贝尔实验室： Bell Telephone Laboratories, Bell Laboratories

Mervin Joe Kelly default.jpg

凯利 Mervin Joe Kelly, 1894-02-14 ~ 1971-03-18

https://ids.si.edu/ids/iiif/SIA-SIA2008-4723/full/full/0/default.jpg?download=true

https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_397805

以下摘自《Mervin Joe Kelly, 1894—1971 - National Academy of Sciences》

https://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/kelly-mervin.pdf

由机器翻译将英语译成汉语。

一、凯利是公平和诚实的，总是愿意承认错误

This willingness to rectify an error was a quality particularly valuable in one so quick and positive as Kelly. Kelly thought he could judge a man after a few moments of conversation. Though he had a high batting average, sometimes he was mistaken. He made very confident technical judgments and they, too, could be wrong. Yet, he was fair and honest and always willing to admit a mistake.

这种纠正错误的意愿在凯利这样迅速而积极的人身上是一种特别有价值的品质。经过几分钟的交谈，凯利认为他可以判断一个人。尽管他的成功率很高，但有时是错误的。他做出了非常自信的技术判断，但这些判断也可能是错误的。然而，他是公平和诚实的，总是愿意承认错误。

二、极力推荐晶体管获诺贝尔奖

When the transistor had been invented, Kelly recognized its worth. As a foreign member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, he pressed for the award of the Nobel Prize to Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley. And, for years at Bell Laboratories nothing was any good unless it was "new art" (solid state).

晶体管发明后，凯利认识到了它的价值。作为瑞典科学院的外籍院士，他极力要求将诺贝尔奖授予巴丁、布拉坦和肖克莱。而且，在贝尔实验室的几年里，除非是“新艺术”（固态），否则没有什么好东西。

三、管理贝尔实验室的态度

Using the Bell Laboratories as an example of organized technology, Kelly delineated three areas that preceded the manufacture of complicated technological systems:

"The first includes all of the research and fundamental development. This is our non-scheduled area of work. It provides the reservoir of completely new knowledge, principles, materials, methods, and art that are essential for the development of new communications systems and facilities.

"The second we call 'systems engineering'. Its major responsibility is the determination of the new specific systems and facilities development projects—their operational and economic objectives and the broad technical plan to be followed. 'Systems engineering' controls and guides the use of the new knowledge obtained from the research and fundamental development programs in the creation of new telephone services and the improvement and lowering of cost of services already established.

"The third encompasses all specific development and design of new systems and facilities. The work is most carefully programmed in conformity with the plan established by the systems engineering studies. Our research and undamental development programs supply the new knowledge required in meeting the objectives of the new specific devleopments."

In addition to these three technical areas, Kelly referred to another, the management of buildings, shops, and services:

"The nonscientific duties of management should be minimized for all levels of the research supervision. Through proper organization, direct responsibility for people can be limited to scientists and their aides. Budget preparation, management of shops, services, secretaries and typists, for example, can be done by an intimately associated professional management staff of non-scientists. There should be the very minimum of diversion of the attention of the research leadership and the individual researchers from their scientific programs. This can be accomplished by organizational structures and operations fashioned to free all scientists from nonresearch supervisory duties which, at the same time, provide excellent and economical service in all areas that support the direct scientific endeavor."

凯利以贝尔实验室为例，阐述了复杂技术系统制造之前的三个领域：

“第一个领域包括所有的研究和基础开发。这是我们的非计划工作领域。它提供了全新的知识、原理、材料、方法和艺术库，对开发新的通信系统和设施至关重要。

“第二个我们称之为‘系统工程’。它的主要职责是确定新的特定系统和设施开发项目——它们的运营和经济目标以及要遵循的广泛技术计划。‘系统工程”控制和指导利用从研究和基础开发项目中获得的新知识来创造新的电话服务以及改善和降低已经建立的服务成本。

“第三个项目包括新系统和设施的所有具体开发和设计。这项工作是根据系统工程研究制定的计划精心规划的。我们的研究和基本开发项目提供了实现新的具体开发目标所需的新知识。”

除了这三个技术领域外，凯利还提到了另一个领域，即建筑、商店和服务的管理：

“各级研究监督都应尽量减少管理层的非科学职责。通过适当的组织，人们的直接责任可以局限于科学家及其助手。例如，预算编制、商店、服务、秘书和打字员的管理可以由非科学家的密切相关专业管理人员完成这可能是将研究领导层和个别研究人员的注意力从他们的科学计划中转移到最低限度。这可以通过组织结构和运作来实现，将所有科学家从非研究监督职责中解放出来，同时在支持直接科学努力的所有领域提供卓越和经济的服务。“

Besides research, Kelly classed fundamental development as unscheduled work. He understood that the demonstration of a useful device or a system that embodied really new ideas was uncertain and unpredictable and that things must be carried into practical operation before they could be evaluated.

除了研究，凯利还将基础开发归类为计划外工作。他明白，证明一个包含真正的新想法的有用的设备或系统是不确定和不可预测的，在对其进行评估之前，必须将其付诸实践。

463 West Street an important address in the allied victory of World War II. Pho.jpg