在对我们研究进行的叙述过程中，利用证据和实例来阐释说明是一个重要组成部分。的确，作者在论文中所提供的说明，表意明确的话，能够帮助作者强化研究结论的准确性；而不恰当的表达，反而可能让读者对文章的研究结论心生怀疑。因此，使用适当且符合逻辑的句子引导读者理解论文的研究内容，是撰写论文时十分必要的能力。

1. 利用证据和实例的最佳时机

证据和实例为我们的说明打下一个稳定的基础。没有实例辅助的话，论文的结论缺乏可信度。不论是流水帐般的实例验证，还是无法提供任何材料或信息的来源，二者其实都一样糟糕的。因此，当你介绍实例时，需要确保适时睿智地挑选证据，并使用适当和清楚的句子来说明这个实例能够论证你的结论。当你在写作论文有以下几种需要时，你应该要介绍你的实例论证：

• 说明“非普遍知识”的内容时 ;

• 根据某个数据来引导结论、推论或说明涵义时;

• 需要澄清一个先前的叙述，使用范例说明能够更加清楚的时候;

• 需要找出某个类别的代表性范例;

• 想要区分概念时;

• 想要利用某个情况来强调某个特点时。

2. 相关句型使用建议

以下是根据功能的不同，我们列出了几个句型，虽然这个列表并不详尽，但至少能提供几个可以使用的短语类型。

2.1

目的 stating information that is not “common knowledge”

介绍性句型

• [use relevant style guide’s in-text citation format]

• As [Author] indicated/stated/discovered

• According to [Author],

范文

• As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . .

• According to Marks and Peters . . .

2.2

目的 drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting implications based on specific data

介绍性句型

• suggests

• as evidenced/suggested/indicated by

• based on

• can be seen/observed when

• as seen in

• which is made apparent when

• is demonstrated by/through/when

• hinges on

范文

• The strong negative correlation suggests that . . .

• As evidenced/suggested/indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . .

• Based on self-reported survey results . . .

• This phenomenon can be seen/observed when wind speeds exceed . . .

• As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . .

• The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . .

• The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . .

• This conclusion hinges on . . .

2.3

目的 clarifying a prior statement

介绍性句型

• for example

• for instance

• by way of illustration

• as an example

• to clarify

• to explain further

• namely

• to be specific

• that is,

• in other words,

范文

• This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . .

• It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . .

• By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculants feel prepared for . . .

• As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . .

• To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . .

• To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . .

• Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely.

• To be specific, bull markets can . . .

• That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . .

• In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .

2.4

目的 identifying representative examples of a category

介绍性句型

• for example/instance

• such as*

• e.g.

• one/another example

• like*

• excluding

• including

• an example being

*NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different uses. “Such as” introduces a specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed.

范文

• Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/instance.

• The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps.

• The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish).

• One/another example of this exception is . . .

• I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising.

• All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age.

• All stars, including our sun, . . .

• Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .

2.5

目的 distinguishing concepts

介绍性句型

• in a similar case

• unlike the case of

• in the same way

• as a case in point

• in a typical situation

• in a normal scenario

范文

• In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . .

• Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of observer bias.

• Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful editing.

• As a case in point, let's look at the situation in which . . .

• In a typical situation, marsupials would . . .

• In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .

2.6

目的 emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation

介绍性句型

• for example

• indeed

• in fact

• notably

• markedly

• as a case in point

范文

• Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . .

• Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . .

• Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . .

• High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . . .

• Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . .

• As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros . . .

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