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英文写作中如何使用破折号(Dashes)
破折号应可被视为用途最多样的标点符号,但是,如同分号,破折号在很多文章中都并未被适当活用。在许多情况下,破折号可以被当作逗号、括号或是冒号使用,但却可以带来细微的差异。
使用破折号替代逗号
当写到插入语时,前后各使用一个破折号可以代替逗号,破折号更有强调之意,让读者能更加集中在破折号中提到的讯息。
使用逗号导入插入语:
And so, when the baby was born in June, nearly two months premature, the parents were happy but quite nervous, and they still had to buy all of the baby supplies .
使用破折号导入插入语:
And so, when the baby was born in June—nearly two months premature—the parents were happy but quite nervous, and they still had to buy all of the baby supplies .
(*破折号强调”baby was premature”的重点,表现出此内容在句中的重要性)
使用破折号替代括号
前后各使用一个破折号可代替括号,因为破折号较为非正式,因此在学术英文中较少出现。但是,使用破折号可较明显的将句子中断,因此也更能强调内容。
当使用破折号代替括号时,原来接在括号后的标点符号应删除:
使用括号: After taking all of his final exams (including seven essays and three multiple choice tests), David just wanted to sleep.
使用破折号: After taking all of his final exams—including seven essays and three multiple choice tests—David just wanted to sleep.
*破折号较为显而易见,因此较能有效地中断句子并吸引读者注意。
若为在句子的最后选择使用破折号代替括号,则只需要使用一个破折号(而非前后各一)
使用括弧: That coffee shop offers a selection of exotic gourmet coffee (or at least that is how they describe it).
使用破折号: That coffee shop offers a selection of exotic gourmet coffee—or at least that is how they describe it.
*The dash seems to work especially well when placed at the end of a sentence—it extends the sentence like an addendum (补充说明).
使用破折号替代冒号
当在强调句子的结论时,使用破折号代替冒号可以带出不一样的意义:破折号可导出附加的内容,且使用方式更为弹性;破折号和冒号相比较为非正式。
冒号: The executives finally decided what they would do with the company: sell it at a loss.
单一破折号: The executives finally decided what they would do with the company—sell it at a loss.
冒号: Let’s go where we went last year: Disneyland!
单一破折号: Let’s go where we went last year—Disneyland!
*这里使用破折号可以传达出一种期待感(或不可避性),也会让文章带有社论色彩。
在使用符号时,要考虑到上下文内容及读者
在撰写文章并选用标点符号时,应考虑书写的内容为何、读者为谁。举例而言,研究者若想在期刊上发表论文,应该先了解该期刊大部分的作者如何使用标点符号。在撰写新闻、杂志等英文文章内容时,也是采取同样的原则。
到今天为止,在英文写作中,大家在标点符号使用方面需要知道的注意点,已经全部介绍完了,可能也还不够全面,欢迎大家讨论补充。
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