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水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是全球超过35亿人的主要主食作物。了解其复杂农艺性状的调控机制对全球粮食安全至关重要。水稻也是单子叶植物基因组学研究的模式植物。由于功能基因组技术的快速发展,克隆了2000多个控制重要农艺性状的基因,并对其分子生物学机制进行了部分表征。在这里,我们简要回顾了近10年来水稻功能基因组学研究的进展,包括功能基因组学平台,调控重要农艺性状的基因和分子网络的总结,特别是新开发的基因鉴定工具。功能基因组学的研究成果将大大促进绿色超级稻的发展。最后,提出了水稻功能基因组学研究未来的挑战和展望。
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple food crop for more than 3.5 billion people worldwide. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of its complex agronomic traits is critical to global food security. Rice is also a model plant for genomics research of monocotyledons. Thanks to the rapid development of functional genomic technologies, over 2000 genes controlling important agronomic traits have been cloned, and their molecular biological mechanisms have been partially characterized as well. Here, we briefly review the advances in rice functional genomics research during the past ten years, including a summary of the functional genomics platforms, genes and molecular networks that regulate important agronomic traits, and particularly the newly developed tools for gene identification. The achievement in functional genomics research will greatly facilitate the development of green super rice. Finally, future challenges and prospects of rice functional genomics research are proposed.
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Natural antisense long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widespread in many organisms. However, their biological functions remain largely unknown, particularly in plants.
We report the identification and characterization of an endogenous lncRNA, TWISTED LEAF (TL), which is transcribed from the opposite strand of the R2R3 MYB transcription factor gene locus, OsMYB60, in rice (Oryza sativa). TL and OsMYB60 were found to be coexpressed in many different tissues, and the expression level of TL was higher than that of OsMYB60.
Downregulation of TL by RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression of OsMYB60 resulted in twisted leaf blades in transgenic rice. The expression level of OsMYB60 was significantly increased in TL-RNAi transgenic plants. This suggests that TL may play a cis-regulatory role on OsMYB60 in leaf morphological development. We also determined that the antisense transcription suppressed the sense gene expression by mediating chromatin modifications. We further discovered that a C2H2 transcription factor, OsZFP7, is an OsMYB60 binding partner and involved in leaf development.
Taken together, these findings reveal that the cis-natural antisense lncRNA plays a critical role in maintaining leaf blade flattening in rice. Our study uncovers a regulatory mechanism of lncRNA in plant leaf development.
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尽管种子灌浆机制对作物产量具有相关性,但我们仍然只能对用糖提供颖果的运输过程有一个基本的了解。我们假设SWEET蔗糖转运蛋白可能在水稻颖果营养物质输入途径中发挥重要作用。我们使用了mRNA定量,组织化学分析,翻译启动子 - 报道基因融合以及通过基因组编辑创建的敲除突变体的分析来评估SWEET转运蛋白对种子填充的贡献。在水稻颖果中,SWEET11和15具有最高的mRNA水平,蛋白质定位于四个关键位点:珠心早期的所有区域;靠近背静脉的珠心投影;围绕胚乳的珠心表皮;和糊粉。 ossweet11; 15双重淘汰线积累在果皮淀粉,而caryopses不包含功能胚乳。 SWEET11和15共同显示了在珠心投影中具有蔗糖外排功能的籽粒灌浆所必需的标记以及在珠心表皮/糊粉界面上的转移作用的所有特征,描述了用于胚珠种子充填的两个主要步骤,关于大米和大麦观察到的这两种潜在进口路线的相对流行情况。
Summary
Despite the relevance of seed-filling mechanisms for crop yield, we still have only a rudimentary understanding of the transport processes that supply the caryopsis with sugars. We hypothesized that SWEET sucrose transporters may play important roles in nutrient import pathways in the rice caryopsis.
We used a combination of mRNA quantification, histochemical analyses, translational promoter–reporter fusions and analysis of knockout mutants created by genomic editing to evaluate the contribution of SWEET transporters to seed filling.
In rice caryopses, SWEET11 and 15 had the highest mRNA levels and proteins localized to four key sites: all regions of the nucellus at early stages; the nucellar projection close to the dorsal vein; the nucellar epidermis that surrounds the endosperm; and the aleurone. ossweet11;15 double knockout lines accumulated starch in the pericarp, whereas caryopses did not contain a functional endosperm.
Jointly, SWEET11 and 15 show all the hallmarks of being necessary for seed filling with sucrose efflux functions at the nucellar projection and a role in transfer across the nucellar epidermis/aleurone interface, delineating two major steps for apoplasmic seed filling, observations that are discussed in relation to observations made in rice and barley regarding the relative prevalence of these two potential import routes.
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