翻译自：https://www.babycenter.com/0_herpes-during-pregnancy_1360877.bc

   前言：希望这篇短文对怀孕期间患有单纯性疱疹的未来妈妈们或者准妈妈们有所帮助。针对这个话题，我首先使用百度进行了搜索，各种观点都有，千奇百怪，不知道哪些该听那些不该听，于是找到了一个网页进行翻译，仅供参考，自己也学习了。

IN THIS ARTICLE

·          What is genitalherpes?

·          What are thesymptoms of a genital herpes infection?

·          Can herpesaffect my pregnancy and newborn?

·          How can genitalherpes affect my baby?

·          Will I need acesarean delivery if I have herpes?

·          Can my babycatch herpes after delivery?

·          Will I be ableto breastfeed if I have a herpes outbreak?

·          How can I tellwhether my partner or I have herpes?

·          How is herpestreated?

·          What if I'venever had herpes but my partner has?

·          How else can Iprevent herpes?

Last updated: January 2017    2017年1月更新

What is genital herpes?

什么是生殖器疱疹？

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection that can be caused by two types ofherpes simplex viruses: type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2).

生殖器疱疹是由两种类型的单纯疱疹病毒引起的性传播感染：1型（HSV-1）或2型（HSV-2）。

HSV-2 most commonly causes genitalherpes, which may appear as blisters or sores on your genitals. You cancontract genital herpes if you have sex with a contagious partner, even ifthere aren't any visible sores or blisters. One in 5 American women betweenages 14 and 49 has genital herpes caused by HSV-2, according to the Centers forDisease Control (CDC).

HSV-2最常见的是引起生殖器疱疹，可能会在你的生殖器上出现水疱或疮。如果您与传染性伴侣发生性关系，即使没有任何可见的疮或水泡，也可以合同生殖器疱疹。根据美国疾病控制中心（CDC）的数据，14至49岁之间的美国女性中5人中就有1人患有由HSV-2引起的生殖器疱疹。

HSV-1 is actually oral herpes, which maycause sores or blisters around or inside your mouth. It spreads through directcontact with sores, often by kissing. You can also get genital herpes fromHSV-1 if your partner has oral herpes and performs oral sex on you. (The CDCreports more and more cases of genital herpes are being transmitted this way.)

HSV-1实际上是口腔疱疹，可能会在您的嘴周围或内部引起疮或水疱。它通过直接接触传播，通常通过亲吻传播。如果您的性伴侣有口腔疱疹并对您进行口交，您也可以从HSV-1获得生殖器疱疹。（CDC报道越来越多的这种生殖器疱疹病例正在被传播。）

What are the symptoms of a genitalherpes infection?

生殖器疱疹感染的症状是什么？

Most people with genital herpes eitherhave no symptoms or have only very mild symptoms that often go unnoticed.According to the CDC, nearly 90 percent of people who have herpes don't realizeit.

大多数生殖器疱疹的人都没有症状，或只有非常轻微的症状，往往被忽视。据CDC介绍，近90％的疱疹患者没有意识到这一点。

Symptoms, if they occur at all, varywidely. They're usually most severe when you're first infected with genitalherpes because you don't yet have antibodies against the virus.

症状一旦出现，临床表现差异很大。当您首次感染生殖器疱疹时，通常是最严重，因为您还没有针对这种病毒的抗体。

Between two and 14 days after exposureto the virus, you may get red bumps on your vagina or vulva, which turn intoblisters and eventually rupture and become painful sores. You may have just afew or a large cluster, and they can last several weeks during your firstinfection.

暴露于病毒后的2至14天，您的阴道或阴户可能会发生红肿，其变成水疱，最终会破裂并变成痛苦的疮。您可能只有几个或一个大的群集，如果这是您的第一次感染，它们可以持续几个星期。

Other symptoms include an itchy,burning, painful, or tingling sensation in your genital area, vaginaldischarge, and tender, swollen lymph nodes near your groin. It may also bepainful to urinate.

其他症状包括：您的生殖器区域发生瘙痒、灼热、疼痛或刺痛的感觉、阴道分泌物以及您腹股沟附近的淋巴结肿大。小便也可能变得很痛苦。

An initial herpes infection also cancause flu-like symptoms, including fever, headache, and muscle aches. Somepregnant women get very sick when they get herpes for the first time and needto receive the antiviral medication acyclovir intravenously.

初始的疱疹感染也可引起流感样症状，包括发烧、头痛和肌肉酸痛。有些孕妇在首次疱疹时会感到恶心，需要静脉注射抗病毒药物，如阿昔洛韦。

Can herpes affect my pregnancy and newborn?

疱疹可以影响我的怀孕和新生儿吗？

Yes. Transmitting the infection to yourbaby during labor and delivery is the biggest concern with genital herpesduring pregnancy. If this happens, your baby could have very serious healthproblems. Fortunately, fewer than 1 in 10,000 newborns contracts the disease,even though genital herpes is fairly common.

是。在分娩期间将感染传染给您的宝宝是怀孕期间生殖器疱疹的最大问题。如果发生这种情况，宝宝可能会遇到非常严重的健康问题。幸运的是，即使生殖器疱疹相当普遍，10,000只新生儿中只有不到1人感染该疾病。

You can transmit herpes to your babyduring labor and delivery if your body is "shedding" the active virusat that time (meaning you're contagious). The risk is greatest if you getgenital herpes for the first time in the third trimester. Much less commonly,you can transmit the virus if you've had herpes before and have an outbreak aroundthe time of labor.

如果您的身体“脱落”当时的活跃病毒（意味着您有传染性），您可以在怀孕和分娩期间将疱疹传播给您的宝宝。如果在妊娠中期首次获得生殖器疱疹，那么风险最大。如果您曾经患有疱疹，并在怀孕期间发生爆发，这种条件下，病毒传播非常罕见（因为母亲有了抗体，通过胎盘输送给胎儿，胎儿也具备保护功能）。

In rare cases, if you get an initialherpes infection during your first trimester, the virus could pass through theplacenta and cause a miscarriage or serious birth defects. Herpes can also betransmitted to your baby after birth, and the complications can be severe.

在极少数情况下，如果在妊娠前三个月发生初始疱疹感染，病毒可能会通过胎盘，导致流产或严重的出生缺陷。疱疹也可以在出生后传给宝宝，并发症可能很严重。

However, by taking a few precautions andgetting proper medical care, you can minimize your baby's risk of gettinginfected. (And, of course, let your child's provider know if you or yourpartner has herpes.)

然而，通过采取一些预防措施和适当的医疗保健，您可以尽量减少宝宝感染的风险。（当然，必须让小孩的监护人知道你或你的伴侣是否有疱疹。）

How can genital herpes affect my baby?

生殖器疱疹如何影响我的宝宝？

Herpes in newborns generally shows up inone of three ways:

新生儿的疱疹通常以三种方式出现：

·        Skin, eye, and mouth infections (SEM): Most babies born with herpes get thistype of infection. A baby with SEM may have sores at delivery or develop themup to six weeks later, but the sores typically turn up when your baby isbetween 1 and 2 weeks old.

·        皮肤，眼睛和口腔感染（SEM）：出生时伴有疱疹的大多数婴儿会发生这种类型的感染。具有SEM的婴儿可能在出生后六周会发生疱疹疮，但是典型的疱疹疮往往发生在宝宝1至2周龄之间。

Herpes sores usually look like blistersand can appear anywhere on a baby's body. They often appear in a place wherethere has been a minor skin injury or irritation, like on the arm under thehospital wristband or at the spot where an electrode was placed.

疱疹疮通常看起来像水疱，可以出现在婴儿身体的任何地方。它们经常出现在皮肤受损或刺激轻微的地方，如在医院腕带下方的手臂或放置电极的地方。

Your baby is unlikely to have anydevelopmental problems if the herpes infection is limited to the skin, eyes,and mouth, and he gets intravenous acyclovir right away. But if not treatedpromptly, he could develop a more serious form of herpes.

如果疱疹感染仅限于皮肤、眼睛和嘴巴，您的宝宝不太可能有任何发育问题，他应该马上得到静脉注射阿昔洛韦治疗。但如果不及时治疗，他可以发展出更严重的疱疹。

·        Central nervous system (CNS) disease: Herpes affects the central nervoussystem in about one-third of the newborns who get the disease. This usuallyhappens around 2 or 3 weeks of age, but can appear any time during the firstsix weeks after birth. Babies with CNS disease may have such symptoms asirritability, fever, lethargy, poor feeding, or seizures. Most will have herpessores at some point.

·        中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病：三分之一的新生儿患儿中，疱疹可能影响中枢神经系统。这通常发生在2或3周龄左右，但可能出现在出生后头六周的任何时间。中枢神经系统疾病的婴儿可能具有烦躁、发烧、嗜睡、喂食不良或癫痫发作的症状。大多数人都会在某些时候得疱疹，这很常见，家长不必过于担心。

·        Disseminated disease: Roughly one-quarter of babies born withherpes get a condition called disseminated herpes. This very serious diseaseinvolves multiple organs, often the lungs and liver. It typically shows upduring the first week after birth, and it can be tricky to diagnose because thebaby may not have typical herpes sores.

·        传播疾病：大约四分之一的出生于疱疹的婴儿得到称为传播性疱疹的病状。这种非常严重的疾病涉及多种器官，通常是肺和肝脏。它通常在出生后的第一周出现，因为宝宝可能没有典型的疱疹疮，诊断可能很棘手。

Unfortunately, even with prompttreatment, a number of babies with disseminated disease don't survive, andthose that do often end up with serious long-term health and developmentalproblems.

不幸的是，即使及时治疗，一些传播疾病的婴儿也无法生存，婴儿即使存活往往也伴随有严重长期健康和发育问题。

Call your baby's doctor right away if your baby has a fever,seems lethargic or unusually irritable, is feeding poorly, or just doesn't seemright to you. Also call if your baby has sores, blisters, or eyes that look redor otherwise infected.

如果您的宝宝发烧，似乎嗜睡或异常易怒，喂食不好或任何您感到不对的情形，立即致电您的宝宝的医生。如果您的宝宝有疮、水疱或眼睛看起来很红或其他感染，请拨打电话。

Will I need a cesarean delivery if I have herpes?

如果我有疱疹，我需要剖腹产吗？

It depends. You'll be able to attempt avaginal delivery if you were first infected with genital herpes before yourthird trimester or before you got pregnant, and you have no symptoms of anoutbreak (or an impending outbreak) when your water breaks or your labor starts. At this time, yourhealthcare provider will usually do an exam to look for specific signs of anoutbreak, just to be sure.

这取决于：如果您在妊娠前三个月之前或怀孕前首先感染生殖器疱疹，您将能够尝试阴道分娩，或者当您的羊水破裂或您的分娩开始时，您没有发生爆发（或即将发生的爆发）的症状。在这个时候，您的医疗保健提供者通常会做一个测试来寻找疫情的具体迹象，以确保母子安全。

In this situation, the risk of your babycontracting the disease is less than 1 percent, according to the CDC. That'sbecause soon after exposure to the virus, you begin to develop antibodies tothe herpes virus, and these are passed on to your baby through the placenta. Insix to 12 weeks, these antibodies provide your baby with some protection ifyou're unknowingly shedding the virus when labor starts.

在这种情况下，根据CDC的数据，您的婴儿感染疾病的风险小于1％。那是因为在接触病毒之后不久，你体内开始生成抗疱疹病毒的抗体，而这些通过胎盘传递给你的宝宝。在6至12周内，如果您在不知不觉中在分娩开始时脱落病毒，这些抗体会为您的宝宝提供一些保护。

On the other hand, you will most likelyneed a cesarean delivery if you're having an outbreak or showingsigns that one is about to happen when your water breaks or you go into labor.Signs of an outbreak include visible sores on your cervix, vagina, or externalgenitals as well as symptoms like tingling, burning, or pain. (Currently,there's no quick and reliable way to test whether you're actually shedding thevirus.)

另一方面，如果您发生感染爆发或出现明显的疱疹症状，当您的羊水破裂或分娩时，您将很可能需要剖腹产。爆发迹象包括您的子宫颈、阴道或外阴生殖器上的可见疱疹疮，以及刺痛、灼痛或疼痛等症状。（目前，没有快速可靠的方法来测试您是否真的脱掉了病毒，即有传染性。）

Also, if you get genital herpes for thefirst time late in pregnancy, and blood tests confirm you've never had itbefore, some experts recommend having a cesarean section, even if you don'thave symptoms when you go into labor.

另外，如果你怀孕时第一次发生生殖器疱疹，而且血液检查确认你以前从未有过，有些专家建议您进行剖腹产，即使您在进行分娩时没有症状。

That's because with a new infection,your body hasn't had time to develop antibodies and pass them on to your baby.The first outbreak of herpes usually lasts longer and is more severe thanrepeat outbreaks, and it's more likely that you'll still be shedding virusduring labor. If you are, the risk of transmission to your baby is very high –up to 50 percent.

那是因为如果是新的感染，你的身体没有时间生成抗体并将其传递给你的宝宝。疱疹的第一次爆发通常持续时间更长，比重复爆发更严重，更有可能在分娩过程中仍然会出现病毒。如果你是，传送给宝宝的风险很高，高达50％。

However, you still might be able todeliver vaginally if you have herpes sores somewhere other than your genitalarea. The other exception might be if you have sores or other symptoms and yourwater breaks when your baby is still very premature. In that case, yourhealthcare provider may try to postpone delivery to give your baby more time todevelop. (You may be treated with an antiviral medication in the meantime.)

然而，如果您在除生殖器区域以外的地方有疱疹疮，您仍然可能会阴道分泌。另外一个例外可能是，如果您有疮或其他症状，并且当您的宝宝还不成熟时，您的羊水会破裂。在这种情况下，您的医务人员可能会尝试推迟生产，让宝宝有更多时间来发育。（同时可以使用抗病毒药物治疗）

To improve your chances of being able todeliver vaginally, most experts – including the American College ofObstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) – recommend that pregnant women withactive, recurrent genital symptoms be offered oral antiviral medicationstarting on or after week 36 until delivery to reduce the risk of an outbreakat the time of labor.

为了提高您能够阴道分娩（顺产）的机会，包括美国妇产科学院（ACOG）在内的大多数专家建议，在36周或以后开始，有积极的复发性生殖器症状的孕妇可以提供口服抗病毒药物，有助于降低分娩时爆发的风险。

Can my baby catch herpes after delivery?

分娩后我的宝宝能抓住疱疹吗

Yes. About 10 percent of cases ofnewborn herpes are contracted after birth, and it can be just as dangerous asherpes transmitted during labor. But you can usually prevent this by takingsome simple precautions:

是。约有百分之十的新生儿疱疹病例发生在出生以后，并且与分娩期间传染的疱疹一样危险。但是您通常可以采取一些简单的预防措施来防止这种情况：

·        Make sure people always wash their hands before touching your baby, and never letanyone with a cold sore kiss, nuzzle, or even hold your baby. (Any kind ofherpes can be dangerous for a newborn, including the kind that causes coldsores.)

·        确保人们在触摸您的宝宝之前总是洗手，而不要让任何患有感冒的人亲吻，甚至抱着宝宝。（任何一种疱疹对新生儿都是危险的，包括导致感冒疮的种类。）

·        If you have an outbreak anywhere on your body, cover itwell to prevent contact with your baby's skin and thoroughly clean thesurrounding area.

·        如果您的身体发生任何爆发，请盖好它，以防止与宝宝的皮肤接触并彻底清洁周围区域。

·        Wash your hands frequently and carefully because herpescan be spread from hand to mouth.

·         经常仔细洗手，因为疱疹可以从手到口传播。

·        If you've ever had oral herpes, don't trim your baby'snails with your teeth, even if you don't have an obvious sore.

·        如果您曾经口腔疱疹，不要用牙齿修剪宝宝的指甲，即使没有明显的疼痛。

·        Anyone with a herpes sore on a finger (called a herpeticwhitlow) should not touch your baby.

·         任何手指疱疹患者（称为疱疹白癜风）都不宜触碰宝宝。

Will I be able to breastfeed if I have a herpes outbreak?

如果我有疱疹爆发，我能不能母乳喂养？

It's safe to breastfeed during a herpes outbreak as long as youdon't have sores on your breasts. If you have sores on only one breast, you cannurse your baby on the other breast. Just wash the area thoroughly first, andcover the sore with a dressing taped down on all sides.

只要您的乳房没有疱疹疮，就可以在疱疹爆发期间进行母乳喂养。如果你只有一个乳房有疮，你可以在另一个乳房上护理你的宝宝。首先彻底清洗该区域，并用敷料覆盖疱疹疮。

Cover all lesions you have anywhereelse, and always wash your hands carefully.

覆盖您所有其他地方的所有病变，并经常洗手。

How can I tell whether my partner or I have herpes?

我怎么知道我的伴侣或我有疱疹？

If you notice any sores or blisters inyour genital area or on your buttocks, thighs, lower abdomen, or back, see yourhealthcare provider as soon as possible for a culture to determine whether it'sherpes.

如果您发现生殖器部位或臀部、大腿、腹部或背部有任何疮或水泡，请尽快查看您的医护人员以确定是否是疱疹。

A culture won't always detect the virus,but it's most sensitive early in an outbreak, so it's important to see yourprovider as soon as you notice the first blister. Newer methods using DNA aremore sensitive, but it's still important to be seen early on.

病毒培养不会总是检测到病毒，但在爆发的早期最敏感，因此，一旦发现第一次水泡，请务必寻求家庭医生的帮助。使用DNA等较新诊断方法更为敏感，但早期看到水泡仍然很重要。

You also can have a blood test to see whether you have antibodies froma previous infection. Sensitive tests can differentiate between HSV-1 and HSV-2antibodies, but can't identify where or when the infection first occurred.

您还可以进行血液测试，以了解您是否有来自先前感染的抗体。敏感性检测可以区分HSV-1和HSV-2抗体，但不能识别感染发生的地点或时间。

A positive test for HSV-2 antibodiesusually means that you've had genital herpes in the past. If you test positivefor HSV-1 only, it means you've had either oral or genital herpes. If you testpositive for either type of herpes, you'll need to pay special attention to thesometimes subtle signs of an outbreak as labor approaches.

对HSV-2抗体的阳性测试通常意味着您过去曾经有过生殖器疱疹。如果您仅测试HSV-1阳性，则表示您已经伴有口或生殖器疱疹。如果您对任何一种类型的疱疹抗体都检测为阳性，那么在分娩接近时，您需要特别注意爆发的有时微妙的迹象。

If your test results are negative, yourpartner may be tested as well. That way, you can find out whether you might beat risk for getting genital herpes during pregnancy and how to prevent it.

如果您的检测结果为隐形，您的性伙伴也可能会被检测。这样，您可以了解怀孕期间是否有生殖器疱疹的风险，以及如何预防生殖器疱疹。

Because herpes is so often a"silent" disease, there's a debate about whether all pregnant womenshould have these tests regardless of their specific circumstances. Currently,neither ACOG nor the CDC recommends routine screening.

因为疱疹常常是一种“沉默”的疾病，所以有关所有孕妇是否应该进行这些测试，无论其具体情况如何，都有争议。目前，ACOG和CDC都不推荐常规筛查。

How is herpes treated?

如何治疗疱疹？

There is no cure for herpes. Once youcontract the virus, it remains in a bundle of nerves near your spine and canbecome active again at any time. Some people have outbreaks frequently, butothers have them only rarely.

如果患有单纯性疱疹，很难治愈。一旦你接触了病毒，它就会在你的脊椎附近的神经中潜伏，可以随时变得活跃起来。有些人经常发生爆发，但其他人只有很少发生。

You might not notice any symptoms duringa recurrence, so you may not know when you're having one. However, your bodystill sheds the virus at these times, which means you can pass the virus toyour baby during labor and birth.

您可能没有注意到在复发期间有任何症状，所以您可能不知道什么时候有一个。然而，您的身体在这些时候仍然会传播病毒，这意味着您可以在出生时将病毒传给宝宝。

Antiviral medication can help prevent orshorten outbreaks.

抗病毒药物可以帮助预防或缩短病情。

What if I've never had herpes but my partner has?

如果我从来没有疱疹，但我的性伴侣有，怎么办呢？

Even if your partner has had herpes foryears without passing the infection to you, it's important to take extraprecautions now that you're pregnant.

即使您的伴侣多年没有感染疱疹，在怀孕期间仍然要重视疱疹问题。

Guidelines to follow throughout pregnancy:

怀孕期间遵循的指南：

·        Avoid skin-to-skin contact near your partner's genitalsor mouth during an active outbreak or whenever your partner feels one comingon. (Some people notice a tingling or painful sensation before sores actuallyappear.)

·        在积极的爆发期间，或当伴侣感觉到疱疹即将出现时，避免皮肤接触您的伴侣生殖器或口腔附近的皮肤接触。（有些人在出现疮之前注意到刺痛或痛苦的感觉）

·        Use latex condoms when you have sex, even if your partner isn't having anoutbreak. Condoms don't always prevent transmission, but they'll reduce yourrisk.

·        发生性行为时使用乳胶避孕套，即使你的伴侣没有疱疹症状。避孕套并不总是防止传播，但会降低风险。

• •Guidelines for the third     trimester:

• 妊娠中期指南：

·        It's most critical to avoid contracting herpes close toyour due date, so skip intercourse and other genital contact altogether in yourthird trimester, even if your partner doesn't have any sores or symptoms.

·        最重要的是避免妊娠期接触疱疹病毒，甚至在您的妊娠晚期，即使您的伴侣没有任何疮或症状，也应当避免性交和其他生殖器接触。

·        Skip oral sex in the third trimester if your partnerhas ever had oral herpes.

·        如果您的伴侣曾患过口腔疱疹，请在妊娠晚期避免口交。

How else can I prevent herpes?

我还能如何预防疱疹？

The best way to prevent herpes is tohave sex only with a long-term partner who doesn't have the infection and hassex only with you.

防止疱疹的最好办法是只与一个没有感染并只与你发生性关系的长期伴侣进行性行为。

To lower your risk of getting herpes(and certain other STIs), don't have sex with a partner who has sores or othersymptoms of herpes, and always use latex condoms for vaginal or anal intercourse as well as a dental dam for oral sex.

为了降低疱疹（和某些其他性传播感染）的风险，不要与有疱疹或其他疱疹症状的伴侣发生性关系，并且在通过阴道或肛门性交以及口交时总是使用乳胶安全套进行。

Note: Birth control pills, shots, implants,and diaphragms do not protect you from herpes or other STIs.