Editage意得辑
论文图表基础理论指南与案例分析 精选
2023-11-2 09:58
阅读:5570

编者按:本文由意得辑特约撰稿人Velany Rodrigues执笔,首发于意得辑专家视点,经编译后重新发布。

∵∴

图文结合已烙印在论文的写作体裁中,不论是图片抑或表格,其直观性都将繁复的研究结果、关系、趋势、模式变得简单而有条理。[1~8][11][13][14]也有研究表明,善用图表能令文章篇幅缩短,达到字数限制。[3][5][13][15]而从实际的角度出发,图表也是最受读者青睐的内容之一,许多人先通过速读摘要与图表初步了解研究,再决定是否读下去。[7]若要图表发挥其所长,选对形式和修饰细节很重要,因错用图表而影响表达的例子不在少数。[16]可将本文视作图表使用的基本准则。

写作筹备期,决定何时用表、何时用图

个人认为在撰文之初规划好粗略的作图任务,能令图表的制作流程顺畅,呈现效果最佳。如你已确定目标期刊,别忘查看其投稿要求,许多期刊对图表的数量、格式有特殊规定,后期微调或许会增加你返工的时间。

图表的选用自然还是要回到研究本身,预先规划需传递的关键信息,再依内容性质选择最适宜的形式。表1提供了初阶判断思路。

表1:论文中的数据展示之如何在表格、图表、文字间选择clip_image002.png

配图绘制原则

一般原则

1.       图表本身应具有独立性。编辑、审稿人及部分读者在通读全文之前,会将眼光放在图表中。完整的图表无需背景信息辅助即可理解。[6][8][9][12][16][20]

2.       复述但不复读。在正文写作中可用图表数据佐证观点,但需要注意引用表格以说理与描述表格内容是不同的。[5][12][16][19][21][22]譬如我们可以说“We found that the treatment was effective in only 24% of the cases, as shown in Figure 1.”,但对表中具体数值不宜多作重复,如“As Table 2 shows, 32% of the subjects chose Option 1, 12% chose Option 2, 10% chose Option 3, and 46% chose Option 4.”。从数据中提取结论将其书面化能将表格功效发挥至最佳,照本宣科白描数据则令表格失去其可视化意义。

3.       图表与正文具一致性。即表内信息与论文中的数值、专有名词,如缩写、研究对象代称、方案名等,需能够对应。[6][9][12][17]

4.       标题简练,容纳关键信息。图表标题含蓄不得,直接描述图表是什么或为何而作,[16][17]如“Advantages and disadvantages of using sleep therapy with patients suffering from schizophrenia”。此外,可利用表头、坐标注、图注作补充说明。

5.       明确格式要求。带着目的去读期刊的投稿要求,通常会有专门板块述明稿件中应含配图的数量、编号方式、标题格式、分辨率等信息。[18][23]

适用于表格的原则

1.       合并重复表格。作者需要把控论文信息的出场方式,如有多张表格标题雷同,或内容重叠,或许应重新布局文章结构及内容,对现有表格作删减。重复信息对文章表达将产生负面影响。[8][12]

2.       将数据分类。当表中信息量过大,应将数据合理分类,并以表头和标注中的解释性信息辅助说明。[7]

3.       善用补充材料。出现在正文中的表格的面积应适中,若数据体量过大,可考虑将表格置于补充材料中,避免出现“图多字少”的视觉效果。[8]

4.       格式照顾观感。如表格的行列间隙如何做到适宜,信息如何陈列才不至过于无从看起,都需要作者在实践中揣摩。[7]

适用于图表的原则

1.     元素完整。如在地图中附注比例尺、经纬度数,标注所涉及的单位,坐标说明等。[6][7][16][18]

2.     善用图注。图表的文字说明有时可以补足信息,不论是提取重点加强说明,还是注明缩写及符号的含义,都有助于达到图文结合的理想效果。[25]

3.  图表与可读性。作者需留意字体是否清晰;图表与背景是否适配,一些背景颜色会弱数据呈现等等。[24]

案例分析

我将以两张现有文献中的配图为例,浅谈其特色及好在哪里。

表格图例

下表摘自一项马可罗尼企鹅育雏的饮食研究,[26]我将其列为范本的原因如下:

clip_image004.jpg

  1. 标题长度适中,交代了数据是什么,且严谨附注补充信息。

  2. 表头明确地描述出数据性质,且单位具在;以行为单位将数据分类,直观清楚。

  3. 该表可独立存在,未曾阅读论文者也能读懂。

  4. 以上标字母为图注标志,提供了解释说明及信息出处。

  5. 行列间距适中,版式利落,字体易辨认。

图表图例

下图摘自一项牡蛎礁作为天然防浪堤效果几何的研究,[27]其分析如下:

clip_image005.png

  1. 标题简单含信息量。

  2. 坐标轴指示明确。

  3. 图例分别注释了折线与柱状元素的含义。

  4. 底部图注引导读者读图,明确图表意欲传达的关键信息。且交代了数据来源。

  5. 尽管对比了两组数据,视觉上却显得十分清爽,无交错杂乱感。  

参考文献

[1] Council of Science Editors. Journal Style and Format. In Council of Science Editors(Eds.), Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 7th Edition (p. 460). Reston, VA: Rockefeller University Press, 2006.

[2] American Psychological Association. APA Editorial Style. In Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association,5th Edition (pp. 147–201). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001.

[3] International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://www.ICMJE.org

[4] Cooper RJ, Schriger DL, Wallace RC, Mikulich VJ, Wilkes MS. The Quantity and Quality of Scientific Graphs in Pharmaceutical Advertisements. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2003; 18: 294–297.

[5] Durbin CG Jr. Effective Use of Tables and Figures in Abstracts, Presentations, and Papers. Respiratory Care, 2004; 49(10): 1233–1237. 

[6] EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research. Reporting Results in Tables and Figures. In Guidelines in the Analysis Phase (pp. 14–16). [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://www.emgo.nl/kc/div/Guidelines%20in%20Analysis%20Phase.pdf

[7] Springer. The Importance of Figures and Tables. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://www.springer.com/authors/journal+authors/training?SGWID=0-1726414-12-837813-0.

[8] Clark JC. Effective Tables and Figures. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:http://ion.uwinnipeg.ca/~clark/research/comm/C12_FIGU.pdf.

[9] McMillan VE. Using Tables and Figures. In Writing Papers in the Biological Sciences (pp. 30–50). New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988.

[10] Smith LD, Best LA, Stubbs DA, Archibald AB, Roberson-Nay R. Constructing Knowledge: The Role of Graphs and Tables in Hard and Soft Psychology. American Psychologist, 2002; 57(10): 749–761.

[11] Purdue Online Writing Lab. APA Tables and Figures 1. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/19/.

[12] SAGE Publications. How to Get Your Journal Article Published. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://www.uk.sagepub.com/journalgateway/files/how_to_get_published.pdf.

[13] Paradise C. How to Record and Present Your Data Graphically Using Excel. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/research/herpstaff/StevePrice/BIO%20112
/Lab/Exercise_1.pdf
.

[14] Schriger DL, Sinha R, Schroter S, Liu P, Altman D. From Submission to Publication: A Retrospective Review of the Tables and Figures in a Cohort of Randomized Controlled Trials Submitted to the British Medical Journal. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2006; 48(6): 750–756. 

[15] Institute of Food Technologists. Author Guidelines. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:http://www.ift.org/Knowledge-Center/Read-IFT-Publications/Journal-of-Food-Science/Authors-Corner/Author-Guidelines.aspx.

[16] The University of ReadingStatistical Services Centre. Informative Presentation of Tables, Graphs and Statistics. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://www.reading.ac.uk/ssc/n/resources/Docs/PresentationOfTablesGraphsAndStatistics.pdf.

[17] Hoagland N. Using Tables and Figures in an Academic Research Paper. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://polaris.umuc.edu/~nhoaglan/COMM600/Tables%20and%20Figures.pdf.

[18] Author Aid Resource Library. Tables and Figures: Some Basic Advice. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:http://www.authoraid.info/resource-library/authoraid-workshop-on-research-writing-march-2011/Nepal-RM_01a-Tables%20and%20Figures-minus%20photos.ppt/at_download/file.

[19] Northwestern’s Online Writing Resources. Visual Communication: Document Design, Figures, and Tables. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://nuwrite.northwestern.edu/communities/design/docs/engineering-design-and-communication-principles-and-practice/chapter_20.pdf.

[20] Marine Ecology Progress Series. Guidelines for MEPS Authors. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/guidelines-for-meps-authors/.

[21] BMJ Publishing Group. The Essentials of BMJ Style. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from:http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/authors/bmj-house-style.

[22] The Geological Society of America. Geology Guidelines. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/geoguid6.htm.

[23] Wiley-Blackwell. Author Services: Electronic Artwork Guidelines. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://authorservices.wiley.com/bauthor/illustration.asp.

[24] Wiley-Blackwell. Electronic Artwork—An Introduction. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://authorservices.wiley.com/electronicartworkguidelines.pdf.

[25] PLOS Biology. PLOS Biology Guidelines for Authors. [Accessed: Aug 8, 2011] Available from: http://www.plosbiology.org/static/guidelines.action#figures.

[26] Deagle BE, Gales NJ, Evans K, Jarman SN, Robinson S, et al. Studying Seabird Diet through Genetic Analysis of Faeces: A Case Study on Macaroni Penguins (Eudypteschrysolophus). PLoS ONE 2007; 2(9): e831. 

[27] cyphers SB, Powers SP, Heck KL Jr, Byron D. Oyster Reefs as Natural Breakwaters Mitigate Shoreline Loss and Facilitate Fisheries.PLoS ONE2011; 6(8): e22396.


logo.jpg

如果你认为谋划一场发表的旅程过于操心,不妨花点时间了解投稿指导这件事。

意得辑的全程无忧投稿套餐打包了科研作者的9种刚需,我们不止润色论文本身,还在投稿前后都下了功夫,从选刊、备材料,到润色返修稿件及回复信都提供支持,其中自然也包含对图表的美化。如因稿件问题遭拒稿,也将尽力助你重投。

这项服务如何帮到你

送选刊锦囊——不管是对所在领域的期刊缺乏系统了解,还是在某几本备选期刊中拿不定主意,都是在确定目标期刊时的典型烦恼。这时由发表专家匹配最合适的几个选项,并作最佳推荐,让投稿更具针对性也更有策略。

把握投稿的流程与节奏——论文发表与否不单看写作质量,投稿流程冗长且琐碎,任一手续处理不当都将使发表周期变长,甚至拒稿。在熟知发表门道的团队的指引下,你对下一步将发生什么有更多预知,投起稿来省时、省力、更加顺畅。

为返修善后——我们关心论文投出去的后续结果,套餐包含的多轮润色和回复信审查等服务和你一起面对大修小修。如不幸遭拒稿,我们将在一年内不计次数地协助你重整稿件向次一级意向的目标期刊重投。

更多详情欢迎移步意得辑官网了解。

科学网博文活码WSS.png

转载本文请联系原作者获取授权,同时请注明本文来自Editage意得辑科学网博客。

链接地址:https://wap.sciencenet.cn/blog-769813-1408122.html?mobile=1

收藏

分享到:

当前推荐数:0
推荐到博客首页
网友评论0 条评论
确定删除指定的回复吗?
确定删除本博文吗?