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半导体里程_博物馆_1971 – 将微处理器的功能集成到一个CPU芯片

已有 6832 次阅读 2012-3-9 18:50 |系统分类:科普集锦| white, 博物馆, 芯片, 微处理器, 1971

1971 – 将微处理器的功能集成到一个CPU芯片上

硅栅加工与成型技术的产生使得计算机中央处理器(CPU)压缩到一块单独的芯片上

在二十世纪六十年代末，设计人员致力于把计算机中央处理器的功能集合到微小的MOS大规模集成电路芯片上，这种技术被称为微处理器单元(单片机)芯片集合。1969年 Lee Boysel创造了Four-Phase系统有限公司，他在一块半导体上设计植入了早期的八位逻辑算术单元（设计3800/3804型）。一个8位的AL-1CPU片被扩展到了32位。在1970年, Garrett AiResearch的Steve Geller和Ray Holt设计的MP944芯片被用于F-14A中央大气数据计算机的芯片，它是被AMI公司由六个金属栅晶片组成的。

英特尔的第一个微处理器——4004，来源于Ted Hoff 和 Stanley Mazor的构想。得益于Masatoshi Shima，在1971年，Federico Faggin根据Shima在硅栅MOS芯片技术（1968年里程碑式的发展）的经验，将一个由2300个晶体管组成的四位微处理器放入到16-pin封装起来。Faggin 指导Hal Feeney 设计的8位8008设备于1972年公布。为CTC公司（即后来的Datapoint公司）设计的8008设备的原型也曾被德州仪器用于TMX1795系统，但是却从没有被用于商业用途。第二代8位的设计来源于Intel (设计8080型)和Tom Bennett在Motorola领导的一个团队（设计6800型），Tom Bennett在1974年建立被广泛接受的微处理器理念。从MOS集成电路技术-6502体系衍生出的廉价变种6800使得个人电脑和来自于Apple, Atari, Commodore或其他公司的游戏可以任意连接。在二十世纪七十年代中期，许多供应商提供增强的8位结构，其中Zilog公司的最为强大。两个1975微处理器预示着后来重要发展趋势，包括在IBM工作过的RCA的CMOS COSMAC(1802里程碑)与John Cocke 801 精简指令集。

译者：哈尔滨工业大学（威海）电子封装 090840221-马东超

校对：

http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1971-MPU.html

版权 copyright by www.computerhistory.org

1971 - Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip Silicon-gate process technology and design advances squeeze computer central processing units (CPU) onto single chips.

By the late-1960s, designers were striving to integrate the central processing unit (CPU) functions of a computer onto a handful of MOS LSI chips, called microprocessor unit (MPU) chip sets. Building on 8-bit arithmetic logic units (3800/3804) he designed earlier at Fairchild, in 1969 Lee Boysel created the Four-Phase Systems Inc. AL-1 an 8-bit CPU slice that was expandable to 32-bits. In 1970 Steve Geller and Ray Holt of Garrett AiResearch designed the MP944 chip set to implement the F-14A Central Air Data Computer on six metal-gate chips fabricated by AMI.

Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima, Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon-gate MOS technology (1968 Milestone) to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU into a 16-pin package in 1971. Faggin also supervised Hal Feeney's design of the 8-bit 8008 device announced in 1972. Designed for CTC (later Datapoint), prototypes of the 8008 function were also built by Texas Instruments as the TMX1795 but never offered commercially. Second generation 8-bit designs from Intel (8080) and from a team led by Tom Bennett at Motorola (6800) in 1974 established widespread acceptance of the MPU concept. A low-cost variant on the 6800 architecture by MOS Technology (6502) enabled personal computers and games from Apple, Atari, Commodore and others. By the mid-1970s many vendors offered enhanced 8-bit architectures, with Zilog's Z80 being the most enduring. Two 1975 MPUs that presaged important later trends included RCA's CMOS COSMAC 1802 (1963 Milestone) and John Cocke’s 801 RISC device at IBM.

Beginning in the mid-1970s, 16-bit MPUs emerged from General Instrument (CP1600), National (PACE), TI (TMS9900), and Zilog (Z8000). Boosted by the PC boom of the 1980s, Intel's 8086/8088 (IBM PC) and Motorola's 68000 (Macintosh) devices enjoyed the widest market success.