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“旧学商量加邃密，新知培养转深沉”
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本月中旬回母校华东师大的普陀校区参加了六十周年校庆活动，会了老同学，听了学校和学院的一些介绍。在理科大楼门前，还偶然碰上了我们的辅导员和现任校长，校长当然是要说一句“欢迎常回来看看”的。
其实，我是常常在母校的闵行校区里散步的。给我印象深刻的是这次校庆活动前，闵行校区的几处“人文景观”的建设：一是位于图书馆和第一、二教学楼北面，临樱桃河蜿曲而建的“文脉廊” ，由华师门、竹巷、兰亭、松坡、梅苑、会通碑、杏坛等景点构成。这些景点中不但提供了母校文脉相承的历史概貌信息，而且镌刻着母校的办学理念和治学箴言，还寓意了为人师表的人文精神。另一景观是母校的首任校长孟宪承铜像，立于图书馆南面东侧的草坪。说实在的，我卅多年前入校时对于孟先生基本是不知道的，只知道当时的校长刘佛年先生是个教育家，他和生物系79级我唯一的一个湖南老乡柳同学是更近的醴陵老乡。后来才知道，刘先生在50年代时做过孟先生的副手。孟先生是教育学科班出身的，对于怎样办教育是有一套的。我深有体会的是母校的那种人文气息还是比较浓厚的，对于君子风度的养成还是有一定作用的！（当时戏称师大人是“伪君子”，一些工科的人则被称为“痞子”）。这次从母校的文脉廊中得知孟先生在近80年前关于“大学理想”的一些提法将作为母校办学的理念，其具体内容是：
“大学的理想实在就含孕着人们关于文化和社会的最高理想” ，应该包括：“智慧的创获”、“品性的陶熔”和“民族和社会的发展”
我注意到这一提法是蔡元培先生的“大学者，研究高深学问者也” 和梅贻琦的“所谓大学者,非谓有大楼之谓也,有大师之谓也。”的继承和拓展。我个人理解，孟先生的“智慧的创获”不但包括了高深学问（知识性的）的研究和创造（所谓旧学商量加邃密，新知培养转深沉！），而且含有对人类文化和生活意义的（很多并不是高深莫测的）的一种悟性觉解，大概就是英文knowledge 和wisdom所表述的吧（关于knowledge 和wisdom，博主建议看官浏览一下罗素的文章）；“品性的陶熔”应当是练就一身浩然之气与天地境界；“民族和社会的发展”当然应当包括为人民大众谋求幸福，提高社会生产力，为民族复兴做点事情（最好有能够和华尔街的精英们较量一下的本事和魄力！）。当然也许有人会说，其实蔡先生的“自由之探索”、“兼容并包”、以及以“美育代宗教”和梅先生的“通才教育”等也含有“智慧的创获”、“品性的陶熔”的意思，而且最终都是为“民族和社会的发展”服务的。但我认为孟先生的提法更具体、针对性更强，不愧是教育大师。
我还注意到这些教育家办大学的理念，的确是富有智慧的，比起时下“要创造世界一流大学”这样的知识性技术性提法更专业一些。
值得一提的是，蔡先生是位公认的大教育家，在他的领导下，北大从“对于教员，则不问其学问之浅深，唯问其官阶之大小”转到了“学术第一”、“教授治校”，最终领导了一场新文化运动！（哲学家杜威曾经说过：拿世界各国的大学校长来比较一下，牛津、剑桥、巴黎、柏林、哈佛、哥伦比亚等等，这些校长中，在某些学科上有卓越贡献的，固不乏其人；但是，以一个校长身份，而能领导那所大学对一个民族、一个时代起转折作用的，除蔡元培以外，恐怕找不到第二个”）。可惜的是，90多年后，中国太多的大学（还包括研究院所）又转回到官本位中去了，而且用的知识和术数比90年前是大大地长进了。这似乎应验了罗素在“Knowledge and Wisdom”中所说的“Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom.”
Knowledge and Wisdom
Bertrand Russell
Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define `wisdom' and consider means of promoting it. I want to ask first what wisdom is, and then what can be done to teach it. There are, I think, several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity fo the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your intellectual energy. You have not time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say), as modern medice has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world. To take an even more spectacular example,which is in everybody's mind at the present time: You study the composistion of the atom from a disinterested desire for knowledge, and incidentally place in the hands of powerful lunatics the means of destroying the human race. In such ways the pursuit of knowledge may becorem harmful unless it is combined with wisdom; and wisdom in the sense of comprehensive vision is not necessarily present in specialists in the pursuit of knowledge.
Comprehensiveness alone, however, is not enough to constitute wisdom. There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life. This may be illustrated by the study of history. Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of their own passions. Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from any lack of comprehensiveness, since it started from the earliest times and continued into an indefinite future. But the chief lesson of history which he sought to unculcate was that from the year 400AD down to his own time Germany had been the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in the world. Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that contitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling. It is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow. Such men lack what I call wisdom.
It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed. It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achievement. Many men in past ages devoted their lives to a search for the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life. No doubt, if they could have found them, they would have conferred great benefits upon mankind, but as it was their lives were wasted. To descend to less heroic matters, consider the case of two men, Mr A and Mr B, who hate each other and, through mutual hatred, bring each other to destruction. Suppose you dgo the Mr A and say, 'Why do you hate Mr B?' He will no doubt give you an appalling list of Mr B's vices, partly true, partly false. And now suppose you go to Mr B. He will give you an exactly similar list of Mr A's vices with an equal admixture of truth and falsehood. Suppose you now come back to Mr A and say, 'You will be surprised too learn that Mr B says the same things about you as you say about him', and you go to Mr B and make a similar speech. The first effect, no doubt, will be to increase their mutual hatred, since each will be so horrified by the other's injustice. But perhaps, if you have sufficient patience and sufficient persuasiveness, you may succeed in convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness, and that their enmity is harmful to both. If you can do this, you will have instilled some fragment of wisdom.
I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as fat as possible, from the tyranny of the here and now. We cannot help the egoism of our senses. Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be impersonal. Our emotions start similarly from ourselves. An infant feels hunger or discomfort,and is unaffected except by his own physical condition. Gradually with the years, his horizon widens, and, in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with his own physical states, he achieves growing wisdom. This is of course a matter of degree. No one can view the world with complete impartiality; and if anyone could, he would hardly be able to remain alive. But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality, on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and on the other hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings. It is this approach towards impartiality that constitutes growth in wisdom.
Can wisdom in this sense be taught? And, if it can, should the teaching of it be one of the aims of education? I should answer both these questions in the affirmative. We are told on Sundays that we should love our neighbors as ourselves. On the other six days of the week, we are exhorted to hate. But you will remember that the precept was exemplified by saying that the Samaritan was our neighbour. We no longer have any wish to hate Samaritans and so we are apt to miss the point of the parable. If you wnat to get its point, you should substitute Communist or anti-Communist, as the case may be, for Samaritan. It might be objected that it is right to hate those who do harm. I do not think so. If you hate them, it is only too likely that you will become equally harmful; and it is very unlikely that you will induce them to abandon their evil ways. Hatred of evil is itself a kind of bondage to evil. The way out is through understanding, not through hate. I am not advocating non-resistance. But I am saying that resistance, if it is to be effective in preventing the spread of evil, should be combined with the greatest degree of understanding and the smallest degree of force that is compatible with the survival of the good things that we wish to preserve.
It is commonly urged that a point of view such as I have been advocating is incompatible with vigour in action. I do not think history bears out this view. Queen Elizabeth I in England and Henry IV in France lived in a world where almost everybody was fanatical, either on the Protestant or on the Catholic side. Both remained free from the errors of their time and both, by remaining free, were beneficent and certainly not ineffective. Abraham Lincoln conducted a great war without ever departing from what I have called wisdom.
I have said that in some degree wisdom can be taught. I think that this teaching should have a larger intellectual element than has been customary in what has been thought of as moral instruction. I think that the disastrous results of hatred and narrow-mindedness to those who feel them can be pointed out incidentally in the course of giving knowledge. I do not think that knowledge and morals ought to be too much separated. It is true that the kind of specialized knowledge which is required for various kinds of skill has very little to do with wisdom. But it should be supplemented in education by wider surveys calculated to put it in its place in the total of human activities. Even the best technicians should also be good citizens; and when I say 'citizens', I mean citizens of the world and not of this or that sect or nation. With every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments our capacity of realizing our purposes, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise. The world needs wisdom as it has never needed it before; and if knowledge continues to increase, the world will need wisdom in the future even more than it does now.
https://wap.sciencenet.cn/blog-64967-502537.html
上一篇："嫦娥应悔偷灵药，碧海青天夜夜心" ——中秋赏月记
下一篇：夜读偶感（20）近现代科学概念与方法的演化（1）
其实，我是常常在母校的闵行校区里散步的。给我印象深刻的是这次校庆活动前，闵行校区的几处“人文景观”的建设：一是位于图书馆和第一、二教学楼北面，临樱桃河蜿曲而建的“文脉廊” ，由华师门、竹巷、兰亭、松坡、梅苑、会通碑、杏坛等景点构成。这些景点中不但提供了母校文脉相承的历史概貌信息，而且镌刻着母校的办学理念和治学箴言，还寓意了为人师表的人文精神。另一景观是母校的首任校长孟宪承铜像，立于图书馆南面东侧的草坪。说实在的，我卅多年前入校时对于孟先生基本是不知道的，只知道当时的校长刘佛年先生是个教育家，他和生物系79级我唯一的一个湖南老乡柳同学是更近的醴陵老乡。后来才知道，刘先生在50年代时做过孟先生的副手。孟先生是教育学科班出身的，对于怎样办教育是有一套的。我深有体会的是母校的那种人文气息还是比较浓厚的，对于君子风度的养成还是有一定作用的！（当时戏称师大人是“伪君子”，一些工科的人则被称为“痞子”）。这次从母校的文脉廊中得知孟先生在近80年前关于“大学理想”的一些提法将作为母校办学的理念，其具体内容是：
“大学的理想实在就含孕着人们关于文化和社会的最高理想” ，应该包括：“智慧的创获”、“品性的陶熔”和“民族和社会的发展”
我注意到这一提法是蔡元培先生的“大学者，研究高深学问者也” 和梅贻琦的“所谓大学者,非谓有大楼之谓也,有大师之谓也。”的继承和拓展。我个人理解，孟先生的“智慧的创获”不但包括了高深学问（知识性的）的研究和创造（所谓旧学商量加邃密，新知培养转深沉！），而且含有对人类文化和生活意义的（很多并不是高深莫测的）的一种悟性觉解，大概就是英文knowledge 和wisdom所表述的吧（关于knowledge 和wisdom，博主建议看官浏览一下罗素的文章）；“品性的陶熔”应当是练就一身浩然之气与天地境界；“民族和社会的发展”当然应当包括为人民大众谋求幸福，提高社会生产力，为民族复兴做点事情（最好有能够和华尔街的精英们较量一下的本事和魄力！）。当然也许有人会说，其实蔡先生的“自由之探索”、“兼容并包”、以及以“美育代宗教”和梅先生的“通才教育”等也含有“智慧的创获”、“品性的陶熔”的意思，而且最终都是为“民族和社会的发展”服务的。但我认为孟先生的提法更具体、针对性更强，不愧是教育大师。
我还注意到这些教育家办大学的理念，的确是富有智慧的，比起时下“要创造世界一流大学”这样的知识性技术性提法更专业一些。
值得一提的是，蔡先生是位公认的大教育家，在他的领导下，北大从“对于教员，则不问其学问之浅深，唯问其官阶之大小”转到了“学术第一”、“教授治校”，最终领导了一场新文化运动！（哲学家杜威曾经说过：拿世界各国的大学校长来比较一下，牛津、剑桥、巴黎、柏林、哈佛、哥伦比亚等等，这些校长中，在某些学科上有卓越贡献的，固不乏其人；但是，以一个校长身份，而能领导那所大学对一个民族、一个时代起转折作用的，除蔡元培以外，恐怕找不到第二个”）。可惜的是，90多年后，中国太多的大学（还包括研究院所）又转回到官本位中去了，而且用的知识和术数比90年前是大大地长进了。这似乎应验了罗素在“Knowledge and Wisdom”中所说的“Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom.”
Knowledge and Wisdom
Bertrand Russell
Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define `wisdom' and consider means of promoting it. I want to ask first what wisdom is, and then what can be done to teach it. There are, I think, several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity fo the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your intellectual energy. You have not time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say), as modern medice has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world. To take an even more spectacular example,which is in everybody's mind at the present time: You study the composistion of the atom from a disinterested desire for knowledge, and incidentally place in the hands of powerful lunatics the means of destroying the human race. In such ways the pursuit of knowledge may becorem harmful unless it is combined with wisdom; and wisdom in the sense of comprehensive vision is not necessarily present in specialists in the pursuit of knowledge.
Comprehensiveness alone, however, is not enough to constitute wisdom. There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life. This may be illustrated by the study of history. Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of their own passions. Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from any lack of comprehensiveness, since it started from the earliest times and continued into an indefinite future. But the chief lesson of history which he sought to unculcate was that from the year 400AD down to his own time Germany had been the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in the world. Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that contitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling. It is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow. Such men lack what I call wisdom.
It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed. It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achievement. Many men in past ages devoted their lives to a search for the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life. No doubt, if they could have found them, they would have conferred great benefits upon mankind, but as it was their lives were wasted. To descend to less heroic matters, consider the case of two men, Mr A and Mr B, who hate each other and, through mutual hatred, bring each other to destruction. Suppose you dgo the Mr A and say, 'Why do you hate Mr B?' He will no doubt give you an appalling list of Mr B's vices, partly true, partly false. And now suppose you go to Mr B. He will give you an exactly similar list of Mr A's vices with an equal admixture of truth and falsehood. Suppose you now come back to Mr A and say, 'You will be surprised too learn that Mr B says the same things about you as you say about him', and you go to Mr B and make a similar speech. The first effect, no doubt, will be to increase their mutual hatred, since each will be so horrified by the other's injustice. But perhaps, if you have sufficient patience and sufficient persuasiveness, you may succeed in convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness, and that their enmity is harmful to both. If you can do this, you will have instilled some fragment of wisdom.
I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as fat as possible, from the tyranny of the here and now. We cannot help the egoism of our senses. Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be impersonal. Our emotions start similarly from ourselves. An infant feels hunger or discomfort,and is unaffected except by his own physical condition. Gradually with the years, his horizon widens, and, in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with his own physical states, he achieves growing wisdom. This is of course a matter of degree. No one can view the world with complete impartiality; and if anyone could, he would hardly be able to remain alive. But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality, on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and on the other hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings. It is this approach towards impartiality that constitutes growth in wisdom.
Can wisdom in this sense be taught? And, if it can, should the teaching of it be one of the aims of education? I should answer both these questions in the affirmative. We are told on Sundays that we should love our neighbors as ourselves. On the other six days of the week, we are exhorted to hate. But you will remember that the precept was exemplified by saying that the Samaritan was our neighbour. We no longer have any wish to hate Samaritans and so we are apt to miss the point of the parable. If you wnat to get its point, you should substitute Communist or anti-Communist, as the case may be, for Samaritan. It might be objected that it is right to hate those who do harm. I do not think so. If you hate them, it is only too likely that you will become equally harmful; and it is very unlikely that you will induce them to abandon their evil ways. Hatred of evil is itself a kind of bondage to evil. The way out is through understanding, not through hate. I am not advocating non-resistance. But I am saying that resistance, if it is to be effective in preventing the spread of evil, should be combined with the greatest degree of understanding and the smallest degree of force that is compatible with the survival of the good things that we wish to preserve.
It is commonly urged that a point of view such as I have been advocating is incompatible with vigour in action. I do not think history bears out this view. Queen Elizabeth I in England and Henry IV in France lived in a world where almost everybody was fanatical, either on the Protestant or on the Catholic side. Both remained free from the errors of their time and both, by remaining free, were beneficent and certainly not ineffective. Abraham Lincoln conducted a great war without ever departing from what I have called wisdom.
I have said that in some degree wisdom can be taught. I think that this teaching should have a larger intellectual element than has been customary in what has been thought of as moral instruction. I think that the disastrous results of hatred and narrow-mindedness to those who feel them can be pointed out incidentally in the course of giving knowledge. I do not think that knowledge and morals ought to be too much separated. It is true that the kind of specialized knowledge which is required for various kinds of skill has very little to do with wisdom. But it should be supplemented in education by wider surveys calculated to put it in its place in the total of human activities. Even the best technicians should also be good citizens; and when I say 'citizens', I mean citizens of the world and not of this or that sect or nation. With every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments our capacity of realizing our purposes, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise. The world needs wisdom as it has never needed it before; and if knowledge continues to increase, the world will need wisdom in the future even more than it does now.
https://wap.sciencenet.cn/blog-64967-502537.html
上一篇："嫦娥应悔偷灵药，碧海青天夜夜心" ——中秋赏月记
下一篇：夜读偶感（20）近现代科学概念与方法的演化（1）
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