一、母质PARENT MATERIAL
母质指可通过成土过程形成土体、或多或少化学风化的未固结矿物质或有机质。
parent material.—The unconsolidated and more or less chemically weathered mineral or organic matter from which a soil’s solum is developed by pedogenic processes.
1 风成沉积物（非火山产生的）EOLIAN DEPOSITS (nonvolcanic)
风成沉积物eolian deposit
风积沙eolian sands
黄土loess
钙质黄土loess, calcareous
非钙质黄土loess, noncalcareous
风成黏土parna
2 冰川和冰缘沉积物GLACIAL and PERIGLACIAL DEPOSITS
冻融扰动土状物质cryoturbate
更新世冰川沉积物drift
冰河沉积物glaciofluvial deposit
冰湖沉积物glaciolacustrine deposit
冰海沉积物glaciomarine deposit
冰水沉积物outwash
冻融蠕流沉积物solifluction deposit
冰上泥石流supraglacial debris-flow
冰碛till
消融碛till, ablation
底碛till, basal
流碛till, flow
滞碛till, lodgment
融出碛till, melt-out
冰下碛till, subglacial
冰上碛till, supraglacial
冰上融出碛till, supraglacial meltout
3 原地沉积物（未经搬运）IN-PLACE DEPOSITS (nontransported)
铝矾土bauxite
花岗岩类崩解碎屑grus
残积物residuum
半风化体saprolite
4 块体移动沉积物MASS MOVEMENT DEPOSITS
4.1其他块体移动沉积物MISCELLANEOUS MASS MOVEMENT DEPOSITS
塌积物colluvium
坡面碎石scree
滑塌块体slump block
倒石堆talus
4.2块体移动沉积物(不限于滑坡)MASS MOVEMENT DEPOSIT (Unspecified Landslide)
4.3复合滑坡沉积物COMPLEX LANDSLIDE DEPOSITS
4.4坠落沉积物FALL DEPOSITS
泥石坠落沉积debris fall deposit
岩石坠落沉积物rock fall deposit
泥土坠落沉积物soil fall deposit (=earth fall)
4.5流动沉积物FLOW DEPOSITS
土流沉积物earthflow deposit
蠕变沉积物creep deposit
泥流沉积物mudflow deposit
砂流沉积物sand flow deposit
冻融蠕流沉积物solifluction deposit
泥石崩落沉积物debris avalanche deposit
泥石流沉积物debris flow deposit
泥石滑动沉积debris slide deposit
火山泥流lahar
岩石崩落沉积物rockfall avalanche deposit
4.6滑动沉积物SLIDE DEPOSITS
泥石滑动沉积物debris slide deposit
旋转下滑沉积物Rotational Slide deposit
泥石旋转下滑沉积物rotational debris slide deposit
泥土旋转下滑沉积物rotational earth slide deposit
岩石旋转下滑沉积物rotational rock slide deposit
直移下滑沉积物Translational Slide deposit
泥石直移下滑沉积物translational debris slide deposits
泥土直移下滑沉积物translational earth slide deposit
岩石直移下滑沉积物translational rock slide deposit
块体滑移沉积物block glide deposit
4.7横向滑动沉积物SPREAD DEPOSITS (=lateral spread)
泥石横向滑动沉积物debris spread deposit
泥土横向滑动沉积物earth spread deposit
岩石横向滑动沉积物rock spread deposit
4.8倾倒沉积物TOPPLE DEPOSITS
泥石倾倒沉积物debris topple deposit
泥土倾倒沉积物earth topple (=soil topple) deposit
岩石倾倒沉积物rock topple deposit
5 其他沉积物MISCELLANEOUS DEPOSITS
混杂沉积物diamicton
土石膏gypsite
褐铁矿limonite
6有机沉积物ORGANIC DEPOSITS
粪成物质coprogenic materials
硅藻土diatomaceous earth
灰泥marl
海岸灰泥marl, coastal
淡水灰泥marl, freshwater
有机物质organic materials
草质有机物质organic, grassy materials
草本有机物质organic, herbaceous materials
苔藓有机物质organic, mossy materials
木质有机物质organic, woody materials
7 火山沉积物（未固结；风成和整体运动）VOLCANIC DEPOSITS (unconsolidated; eolian and mass movement)
火山灰（<2mm）ash, volcanic (<2 mm)
酸性火山灰ash, acidic
安山质火山灰ash, andesitic
玄武质火山灰ash, basaltic
基性火山灰ash, basic
火山灰流ash flow (pyroclastic)
火山弹（>64mm）bombs, volcanic (>64mm)
火山渣（2-64mm）cinders (2-64 mm)
火山泥流（火山碎屑泥流）lahar deposit (volcaniclastic mudflow)
火山砾（2-64mm，>2.0 sg）lapilli (2-64 mm, >2.0 sg)
浮石（<1.0 sg）pumice (<1.0 sg)
火山碎屑流pyroclastic flow
火山碎屑涌浪pyroclastic surge
多孔火山碎屑物 (>2.0 sg)scoria (>2.0 sg)
火山碎屑（所有喷出物）tephra (all ejecta)
8 水成（或搬运）沉积物WATERLAID (or TRANSPORTED) DEPOSITS
冲积物alluvium
洪泛区沉积物backswamp deposit
海滩沙beach sand
粪成物质coprogenic materials
硅藻土diatomaceous earth
河口沉积物estuarine deposit
河海沉积物fluviomarine deposit
绿沙greensands
湖积物lacustrine deposit
泻湖沉积物lagoonal deposits
海洋沉积物marine deposit
灰泥marl
海岸灰泥marl, coastal
淡水灰泥marl, freshwater
漫滩沉积物overbank deposit
坡脚沉积层pedisediment
斜坡冲积物slope alluvium
谷侧沉积物valley side alluvium
9 人为沉积物ANTHROPOGENIC DEPOSITS
煤矿弃土coal extraction mine spoil
疏浚弃土dredge spoils
人为搬运物质human-transported materials
金属矿山弃土metal ore extraction mine spoil
矿山弃土或填土mine spoil or earthy fill
在土壤调查过程中，母质除了记录其种类，还要记录其质地等级和起源。
二、基岩BEDROCK
基岩—土壤和其他未固结物质下方或暴露于地表的固体岩石的总称。
bedrock.—A general term for the solid rock that underlies the soil and other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at the surface.
1 火成岩—侵入岩IGNEOUS—INTRUSIVE
斜长岩anorthosite
辉绿岩diabase
闪长岩diorite
辉长岩gabbro
花岗岩granite
花岗岩类granitoid
花岗闪长岩granodiorite
二长岩monzonite
橄榄岩peridotite
辉石岩pyroxenite
石英闪长岩quartz-diorite
石英二长岩quartz-monzonite
正长岩syenite
正长闪长岩syenodiorite
英云闪长岩tonalite
超镁铁质岩ultramafic rock
2 火成岩—喷出岩IGNEOUS—EXTRUSIVE
aa熔岩aa lava
安山岩andesite
玄武岩basalt
块状熔岩block lava
英安岩dacite
安粗岩latite
黑曜岩obsidian
帕霍霍熔岩pahoehoe lava
枕状熔岩pillow lava
浮岩（流动，连贯）pumice (flow, coherent)
流纹岩rhyolite
多孔火山碎屑物scoria (coherent mass)
玄武玻璃tachylite
粗面岩trachyte
3 火成岩—火山碎屑岩IGNEOUS—PYROCLASTIC
熔结凝灰岩ignimbrite
火山碎屑（固结）pyroclastics (consolidated)
火山碎屑流pyroclastic flow
火山碎屑涌浪pyroclastic surge
凝灰岩tuff
酸性凝灰岩tuff, acidic
基性凝灰岩tuff, basic
熔结凝灰岩tuff, welded
凝灰角砾岩tuff breccia
火山角砾岩volcanic breccia
酸性火山角砾岩volcanic breccia, acidic
基性火山角砾岩volcanic breccia, basic
火山砂岩volcanic sandstone
4 变质岩METAMORPHIC
角闪岩amphibolite
片麻岩gneiss
黑云母片麻岩gneiss, biotite
花岗闪长片麻岩gneiss, granodiorite
角闪石片麻岩gneiss, hornblende
混合片麻岩gneiss, migmatitic
白云母黑云母片麻岩gneiss, muscovite-biotite
花岗变晶岩granofels
麻粒岩granulite
绿岩greenstone
角岩hornfels
大理岩marble
变质砾岩meta-conglomerate
变质石英岩metaquartzite
变质沉积岩metasedimentary rocks
变质粉砂岩metasiltstone
变质火山岩metavolcanics
云母mica
云母片岩mica schist
混合岩migmatite
糜棱岩mylonite
千枚岩phyllite
片岩schist
黑云母片岩schist, biotite
石墨片岩schist, graphitic
白云母片岩schist, muscovite
绢云母片岩schist, sericite
蛇纹岩serpentinite
泥质粉砂岩siltite
板岩slate
硫化物板岩slate, sulfidic
皂石（滑石）soapstone (talc)
5 沉积岩—碎屑岩SEDIMENTARY—CLASTICS
砂屑岩arenite
泥质岩argillite
长石砂岩arkose
非火山岩角砾岩（角状碎屑）breccia, nonvolcanic (angular fragments)
酸性非火山角砾岩breccia, nonvolcanic, acidic
基性非火山角砾岩breccia, nonvolcanic, basic
粘土岩claystone
砾岩（磨圆碎屑）conglomerate (rounded fragments)
钙质砾岩conglomerate, calcareous
扇砾岩fanglomerate
海绿石砂岩glauconitic sandstone
杂砂岩graywacke
泥岩mudstone
正石英岩ortho-quartzite
瓷状岩porcellanite
砂岩sandstone
钙质砂岩sandstone, calcareous
页岩shale
酸性页岩shale, acid
钙质页岩shale, calcareous
泥质页岩shale, clayey
粉砂岩siltstone
钙质粉砂岩siltstone, calcareous
6 沉积岩—蒸发岩,有机物和沉淀物SEDIMENTARY—EVAPORITES, ORGANICS, AND PRECIPITATES
铝矾土bauxite
白垩chalk
燧石chert
煤炭coal
硅藻土diatomite
白云岩dolomite (dolostone)
褐煤lignite
灰岩limestone
砂质灰岩limestone, arenaceous
泥质灰岩limestone, argillaceous
燧石灰岩limestone, cherty
珊瑚灰岩limestone, coral
磷灰岩limestone, phosphatic
褐铁矿limonite
均密石英岩novaculite
硬石膏岩rock anhydrite
石膏岩rock gypsum
石盐岩rock halite
结晶灰华travertine
硅质岩tripoli
石灰华tufa
7 互层（不同沉积岩性的交替层）INTERBEDDED (alternating layers of different sedimentary lithologies)
石灰岩-砂岩页岩limestone-sandstone shale
石灰岩-砂岩limestone-sandstone
石灰岩-页岩limestone-shale
石灰岩-粉砂岩limestone-siltstone
砂岩-页岩sandstone-shale
砂岩-粉砂岩sandstone-siltstone
页岩-粉砂岩shale-siltstone
在土壤调查过程中，基岩除了记录其种类，还要记录其垂直节理之间的水平间距、基岩的硬度和风化等级，以及连续基岩距地表的深度。另外，未固结物质（风化层）和基岩都要记录其地层单位。
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