揭秘圣诞蜡烛的火焰
2011-12-9 12:53
阅读:4416
一年一度的圣诞节马上就要到了。诸位可知道圣诞蜡烛的火焰是怎么点燃起来的?
制造蜡烛的主要燃料有蜂蜡(Beeswax)、半合成蜡(Semi-synthetic wax)、石蜡(Paraffin)等。
蜡烛燃烧过程中的基本的化学反应为:
![](http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201112/09/1253179g4zjmg3m9n9bmj1.gif)
涉及到的基元反应有:
![](http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201112/09/125317yi2yyjyyyjyf9ipb.gif)
![](http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201112/09/125317ebaaetabz166011z.gif)
![](http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201112/09/125317fq6zixfthglgfq6x.gif)
![](http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201112/09/1253175eamb13z9a0pym5q.gif)
燃烧过程大致可以分为5步:
(1)燃料熔融;
(2)燃料通过毛细管作用进行运输;
(3)液态燃料变为气态;
(4)燃料发生热解(Pyrolysis);
(5)热解产物发生氧化。
火焰大致可以分为4个区:
(1)黑色区Ⅰ,在火焰的内核,石蜡分子容易热裂解;
(2)蓝绿色发光区Ⅱ,是主要的反应区,沿着火焰的侧面及底部;
(3)反应区的微弱发光部分Ⅲ,是在上部和外围边缘;
(4)浅黄色发光区Ⅳ,从火焰的中心扩展到可视的顶端。
![](http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201112/09/12531671vbbv11dkkbkbdb.jpg)
![](http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201112/09/125316iyfec9yoc2k235ee.gif)
![](http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201112/09/125316iot300otugxeogzt.jpg)
参考资料:
[1] M. Faraday, The Chemical History of a Candle, Dover, Mineola, USA 2002.
[2] M. Faraday, Naturgeschichte einer Kerze, Verlag Franzbecker, Hildesheim, Germany 1980.
[3] M. Matthäi, N. Petereit, Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse 2001, 3(3).
[4] C. Gottmann, Chem. unserer Zeit 1979, 13, 176–183. DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.19790130603
[5] J. Walker, Sci. Amer. 1978, 238, 154.
[2] M. Faraday, Naturgeschichte einer Kerze, Verlag Franzbecker, Hildesheim, Germany 1980.
[3] M. Matthäi, N. Petereit, Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse 2001, 3(3).
[4] C. Gottmann, Chem. unserer Zeit 1979, 13, 176–183. DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.19790130603
[5] J. Walker, Sci. Amer. 1978, 238, 154.
[6] R. Mavrodineanu, H. Boiteux, Flame Spectroscopy, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1965.
[7] A.G. Gaydon, H.G. Wolfhard, Flames, Their Structure, Radiation and Temperature, 3rd Edition, Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, UK, 1970.
[8] K.-H. Homann, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 2572–2590. <A href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19980918)110:18<2572::AID-ANGE2572>3.0.CO;2-B" target=_blank>DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19980918)110:18<2572::AID-ANGE2572>3.0.CO;2-B
[9] K.-H. Homann, H.G. Wagner, Bild der Wissenschaften 1970, 7, 762.
[10] Report of the Messstelle für Luftreinhaltung des TÜV Rheinland (Measuring station for air pollution of the Rhineland Technical Control Board) No. 539 / 777091, April 1999.
[11] Report of results from Ökometric GmbH and the Bayreuther Institut für Umweltforschung (Bayreuth Institute for Environmental Research), October 1994. Link
[12] Report of Results from Ökometric GmbH and the Bayreuther Institut für Umweltforschung, October 1997.
[7] A.G. Gaydon, H.G. Wolfhard, Flames, Their Structure, Radiation and Temperature, 3rd Edition, Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, UK, 1970.
[8] K.-H. Homann, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 2572–2590. <A href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19980918)110:18<2572::AID-ANGE2572>3.0.CO;2-B" target=_blank>DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19980918)110:18<2572::AID-ANGE2572>3.0.CO;2-B
[9] K.-H. Homann, H.G. Wagner, Bild der Wissenschaften 1970, 7, 762.
[10] Report of the Messstelle für Luftreinhaltung des TÜV Rheinland (Measuring station for air pollution of the Rhineland Technical Control Board) No. 539 / 777091, April 1999.
[11] Report of results from Ökometric GmbH and the Bayreuther Institut für Umweltforschung (Bayreuth Institute for Environmental Research), October 1994. Link
[12] Report of Results from Ökometric GmbH and the Bayreuther Institut für Umweltforschung, October 1997.
[13]http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1369631/Chemistry_of_the_Christmas_Candle__Part_1.html
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