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（新GRE）Issue题库英汉对照（根据指导语不同进行了分类）
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说明：题库来源于ETS官方网站，六月初我开始备考时按照新修订后的指导语的不同对其进行了分类，分类时顺便对其进行了翻译，因时间仓促，可能会存在一些错误之处，欢迎留言指正。
对于这份题库，时间紧或不喜读英文的朋友可以快速过一篇中文以期了解GRE的issue部分所主要考察的领域和话题，做到心中有数，并在日常的学习和思考中留心相关的信息，作为有效的备考资料。
This page contains the Issue topics for the Analytical Writing section of the GRE® revised General Test. When you take the test, you will be presented with one Issue topic from this pool.
Each Issue topic consists of an issue statement or statements followed by specific task instructions that tell you how to respond to the issue. The wording of some topics in the test might vary slightly from what is presented here. Also, because there may be multiple versions of some topics with similar or identical wording but with different task instructions, it is very important to read your test topic and its specific task directions carefully and respond to the wording as it appears in the actual test.148题
指导语1
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.
指导语：文章中讨论你是在多大程度上同意或者不同意题目的论点，并解释你选取这一立场的原因。在发展及支持你的论点时，你应该考虑那些使得论点成立或者不成立的方面，并解释你的这些考虑是如何使其形成你所持有的观点的。54题。
1. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.随着人们越来越依靠于技术来解决问题，人类自己独立思考的能力会确定无疑地退化。
2. To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.要想理解一个社会最为重要的特点，就必须研究这个社会的各主要城市。
3. In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.在任何努力领域，如果没有受到那个领域过去的成就的强烈影响就不可能做出重大的贡献。继承与创新
4. People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.人们的行为在很大程度上是取决于外力而非其自己所做出的选择。
5. Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.正规教育倾向于限制我们的想法和精神而不是使他们得到解放。
6. The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.当一个社会的大多数人们都质疑权威时，这个社会的福利安康就得到了提升。
7. Laws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.法律应该是足够灵活的，可以考虑各种不同的情形和时空。灵活的法律？
8. The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.教育/训练的最佳方式就是鼓励积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。
9. The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.当代生活的奢侈与便利阻碍了个体真正的坚强与独立。
10. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.在任何探索未知的领域，初学者比专家更有可能做出重要的贡献。
11. The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.一个伟大国家的最为适切的指标并非是它的统治者、艺术家或者科学家所取得的成就，而是它的国民整体上的福利。
12. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.随着我们掌握的知识日益增多，事情并非变得更易理解，而是变得更加复杂和神秘。
13. In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.在任何情形下，想要取得进步，要求持有互相冲突观点的人们进行充分讨论。
14. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.我们主要是通过对于社会群体的认同，才得以定义我们自己。
15. The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.一个人是否伟大只能由生活于其后的人们而非其同时代者来做出评价。
16. Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.学生应该始终质疑自己所学到的知识而不是被动的接受它们。
17. The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.当今日益增快的生活节奏引发的问题超过了它所解决的问题。
18. Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education.为获得高分而竞争严重的限制了所有水平教育的学习质量。
19. If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable.如果一个目标是值得的，那么任何用以实现这一目标的途径/手段都是合理的。
20. In order for any work of art—for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.对任何一门艺术（如电影、小说、诗歌、歌曲）而言，要想具有优点，它就必须为大多数人所理解。
21. Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.许多重要的发现或创造是随机的：通常是在寻求某一问题的答案的同时我们找到了另外一个问题的答案。
22. The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times.学习历史的主要好处是可以打消那种认为当下的人们与生活在以往时代的人们迥然不同的这种错觉。
23. Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline; students cannot be motivated by school or college alone.学习主要是个体的自觉自律的事儿，学生们无法仅仅被学校或者大学学院本身所激励。
24. Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them.领导者是由其所处位置的要求所创造的。
25. There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts—especially at a great cost in money and jobs—to save endangered animal or plant species.对整个社会而言，没有什么道义上的理由来付出巨大的努力——尤其是以众多金钱和劳力为代价——来拯救那些濒危的动物或植物。
26. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.人的大脑总是优于机器，因为机器只是人脑的工具。
27. People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are also the most critical of it.那些深深投入到一个想法或一项政策中的人往往也对其最具评判性。
28. Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.年轻人应该被鼓励追求长远的，可实现的目标而不是寻求即时的声名和认可。
29. Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.通晓过去无法帮助人们在当代做出重要的决策。
30. In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.在这个媒体覆盖面日益深广的时代，一个社会不再有可能将其尚在人世的男人或女人视作英雄人物。
31. We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.与那些与我们观点相悖的人们相比，我们通常从那些和我们持有共同观点的人身上学到的东西更多。
32. The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.理解当代文化最为有效的方式是分析这一文化下年轻人的趋势。
33. People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole.人们的态度取决于他们当下的情形或环境而不是社会这个整体。
34. The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that they have more leisure time.技术进步最为主要的目标是增加人们的效率从而使其得享更多的闲暇时光。
35. Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.不幸的是，在当代社会，创造一个有吸引力的形象已经变得比这一形象背后的现实或真相更为重要的事了。
36. Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.尽管视频录像、电脑以及网络等创新似乎为学校提供了用以指导学生的方法，这些技术全部都过于使学生从真正的学习中分心了。
37. The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.最好的想法源于对于常见事物产生富有激情的兴趣。
38. In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.在大多数专业或者学术领域，想象力比知识更为重要。
39. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.想要成为一个有效的领导者，一个公共的官员必须要持有最高的伦理和道德标准。
40. Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.在任何既定领域，对于工作的关键决断都没有什么价值，除非这一决断是来自于这一领域的专家。
41. Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.要求大学生在本身的专业学习领域之外学习广泛的课程是确保学生获得真正教育的最为有效的途径。
42. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.那些迅速、轻易就受到群众/大众观点的变动所影响的领导者注定会一事无成。
43. Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people whom they serve.政府官员应该依赖自身的决断而不是毫不质疑的执行其所服务的人民的意志。
44. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.一个国家应该要求它的全体学生学习相同的全国性课程直到这些学生升入大学。
45. It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are generated and preserved.主要是在城市中，一个国家的文化传统得以产生和保存。
46. We can learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.与那些和我们观点冲突的人相比，我们可以从那些和我们持有相同观点的人身上学到更多。
47. When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings.当旧的建筑物所在的场地被当代的计划者认为可以更好的用于当代的目的时，当代的发展应该优先于对历史建筑的保存。
48. All college and university students would benefit from spending at least one semester studying in a foreign country.所有的大学生都会从在一个海外国家学习至少一个学期的经历中获益。
49. Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生在那些其不可能获得成功的领域中苦苦追求。
50. It is more harmful to compromise one's own beliefs than to adhere to them.与坚持自己的信念相比，对信念予以妥协更加的有害。
51. No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field.没有一个学习领域能够取得显著的进步除非能够从这个领域之外整合知识和经验。
52. True success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets for oneself.真正的成功只能从个体自己所设立的目标的角度来予以衡量。
53. The best test of an argument is the argument's ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.检验一个argument的最好办法是看其对于持有相反观点的人们的信服力。
54. The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country's citizens.检测一个国家的领导者的有效性的最好指标就是检视这个国家民众的幸福安康程度（well-being）。
指导语2
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.
讨论你在多大程度上同意或者不同意题目中的观点，在发展和支持你的立场时，确保使用那些最具说服力的原因和/或例证来挑战你所持有的立场。24题
1. Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. 教育机构有责任劝阻学生追求那些他们不可能在其中取得成功的领域。
2. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.丑闻是有用的，因为它可以以一种任何发言者或改革家可以做到的方式使我们将注意力集中在问题上。
3. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大学应该要求每名学生都在自己所学的领域之外学习多种不同的课程。
4. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育机构应该主动的鼓励他的学生选择那些可以为其带来丰厚收入的职业的学习领域。
5. The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.最好的训导方式——无论是作为教育者，雇主或者父母——就是赞赏积极的行动而忽视消极的行为。
6. Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance.教师的工资应该基于他所负责的学生的学业成绩表现。
7. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.大学生应该将学习领域的选择基于在那个领域获得工作的可得性。
8. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey and resist unjust laws.社会中的每个个体的责任是遵守公正的法律以及违抗和抵制不公正的法律。
9. It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.一个社会已经不可能将其尚在人世的男人或女人视作英雄。
10. The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country's citizens.衡量一个国家领导者的有效性的最佳方式就是检视这个国家国民的幸福程度。
11. All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.所有的父母都应该被要求自愿提供时间给他们孩子所在的学校。
12. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.一个国家应该要求它所有的学生学习相同的全国课程直到学生进入大学。
13. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.学院或大学应该要求学生在一个海外国家渡过至少一个学期。
14. People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.人们的行为在很大程度上取决于外在的强力而非自己所做的决定。
15. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.成为一个有效的领导者，公共官员应该维持最高的伦理和道德标准。
16. Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.在任何既定的领域，对作品的评断都没有什么价值，除非这一评断来自于该领域的专家。
17. In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years.在任何领域——商业、政治、教育、政府管理——那些当权者应在五年之后走到台下。
18. The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.理解一个社会的特点的最好方式就是检视这个社会选作英雄或者角色模范的男人或女人的特点。
19. The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition.一个社会装备其年轻人在政府、工业或者其他领域的领导力的最佳方式就是向他们灌输合作感，而非竞争精神。
20. In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.在大多数职业和学业领域，想象力比知识更为重要 。
21. The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general well-being of all its people.一个伟大国家最为适切的指标不是他的统治者、艺术家或者科学家所取得的成就，而是它的全体国民的整体幸福安康的程度。
22. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.教育机构应该主动的鼓励他们的学生选择那些工作机会丰富的领域进行学习。
23. The general welfare of a nation's people is a better indication of that nation's greatness than are the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. 一个伟大国家最为适切的指标不是他的统治者、艺术家或者科学家所取得的成就，而是它的全体国民的整体幸福安康程度。
24. Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state.国家应该通过法律来保存任何尚存的荒野地区使其保持自然状态。
指导语3
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.
讨论你在多大程度上同意或者不同意题中的建议并解释你持有这一立场的理由。在发展和支持你的立场时，请描述一些具体的情形，此时采纳该建议会具有优势/劣势，并解释这些例子（你所列举的情形）是如何塑造了你当前持有的立场的。24题
1. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.一个国家应该要求其所有学生学习相同的全国课程直至学生们升入大学。
2. Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.政府应该重点解决今日的紧急问题而非未来的预期问题。
3. Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development.政府应该对于科学研究和发展施以最低限度的限制。
4. Governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all students.政府应该提供给所有学生免费的学院和大学教育。
5. Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.政府不该资助任何其后果不明朗的研究。
6. Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.政府应该挑选/识别出那些具有特殊天分的儿童，并为其提供早期的训练以发展孩子们的才能。
7. College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.大学生应该被鼓励追求他们感兴趣的学科，而不是那些更容易找到工作的课程。
8. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大学应该要求学生们在所学领域之外修读广泛的课程。
9. Educators should find out what students want included in the curriculum and then offer it to them.教育者应该探寻学生们在课程中想要什么然后提供给他们。
10. Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.只有在学生们已经学习了有助其掌握特定事实的相关想法、趋势以及概念之后，教育者才应该教授这些事实。
11. Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.政府官员应该依赖自身的决断而不是毫不质疑的执行其所服务的选民的意志。
12. Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.年轻人应该被鼓励追求长远的、现实的目标而不是寻求即时的声名和认可。
13. The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.传授的最佳方式是赞赏积极的行为而忽略那些消极的行为。
14. In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature.为了成为全面发展的个体，所有的大学生都应该被要求参加一些课程，在其中，他们可以阅读诗歌、小说、神话以及其他类型的富有想象力的文学。
15. Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people.科学家和其他研究者应该将其研究选定在最有可能使大多数人受益的领域。
16. Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals.政治家应该寻求共同的立场和合理的一致意见，而不是那些晦涩难描的理想。
17. People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its consequences.人们只有在充分的考虑危险行动的后果之后才应该从事这些行为。
18. Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.当一个国家的众多国民还处于饥饿和失业中时，这个国家应该停止政府对于艺术的资助。
19. All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.所有的父母都应该被要求为子女所在的学校贡献一些时间。
20. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.学院和大学应该要求其学生在一个海外国家至少学习一个学期。
21. Teachers' salaries should be based on the academic performance of their students.教师的薪水应该基于他们教授的学生的学业表现。
22. Educators should take students' interests into account when planning the content of the courses they teach.在设计所教授课程的内容时，教育者应该将学生的兴趣也考虑在内。
23. Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.教育者对于学生学习的评估不该基于学生掌握了多少事实，而应该是学生解释这些事实所阐释的想法、趋势以及概念的能力。
24. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.大学生对于学习领域的选择应该基于那个领域当中工作的可得性。
指导语4
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.
讨论你在多大程度上同意或者不同意题中的论断以及论断所依据的理由。19题
1.
Claim:
Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support
they need in order to thrive.论点：政府必须确保其主要城市获取发展繁荣所需的财政支持。
Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are
preserved and generated.理由：主要是在城市，一个国家的文化传统得以保存和产生。
2.
Claim:
In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should
step down after five years.在任何领域——商业，政治，教育，政府——掌权者应该在上任五年后让位于人。
Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through
new leadership.对任何事业而言，最可靠地获取成功的路径就是通过新的领导来获取新生。
3.
Claim:
The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the
character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its
role models.理解一个社会特点的最好的方式就是检视这个社会所选定的英雄或者角色典范。
Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.英雄和角色典范解释了一个社会的最高的理想。
4.
Claim:
When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and
suggestions of their students.在设计课程时，教育者应该考虑他们学生的兴趣和建议。
Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what
they are studying.当学生对所学内容深感兴趣时，他们更容易受到激励去学习
5.
Claim:
It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a
hero.一个社会不再可能将尚存人士的男人或女人视作英雄。
Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will
eventually be diminished.任何受到媒体检视的人的声誉终将受损而减少。
6.
Claim:
We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those
whose views contradict our own.与那些与我们意见相左的人相比，我们通常可以从那些和我们持有相同观点的人身上学到更多。
Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.意见不同可以引起压力并抑制学习。
7.
Claim:
Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside
the student's major field of study.大学应该要求每个学生在所学专业领域之外学习一系列广泛的课程。
Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to
become truly educated.获取多种不同学科的知识是真正受到教育的最佳途径。
8.
Claim:
The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an
opposing viewpoint.检测一个argument的最好方式是看其说服持有相反观点的人们的能力。
Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and
contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.
9.
Claim:
Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted, since it
may well be proven false in the future.任何被指称为事实的信息都应予以怀疑，因为它很有可能在将来就被证明是错误的。
Reason: Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns
out to be inaccurate.大多数被人们认为是事实的信息实际上都被证明是错误的。
再没有找到更好更明确的道理之前，姑且信之，但是要保持开放的心态接受新的思想和证据。
10.
Claim:
Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers
of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.当国家的众多国民处于饥饿和失业时，这个国家应该停止政府对于艺术的资助。
Reason: It is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—to use public resources to
fund the arts when people's basic needs are not being met.这是不适宜的——甚至是残忍的——当人们的基本需求尚未满足时还使用公共资源来资助艺术。
11.
Claim:
Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system.许多当代社会的问题无法通过法律和司法系统加以解决。
Reason: Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts or minds.法律无法改变人们的内心想法和观念。
12.
Claim:
Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.想象力是一种比实际经验更为有价值的资源/资产。
Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without
the constraints of established habits and attitudes.缺少经验的人可以自由的想象各种可能，而不必受到已经形成的习惯和态度的限制。
13.
Claim:
The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers,
artists, or scientists.一个伟大国家最为适切的指标不是它的统治者、艺术家或者科学家所取得的成就。
Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all
its people. 一个伟大国家最为适切的指标实际上是这个国家全体人民的整体福利。
14.
Claim:
The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers,
artists, or scientists. 一个伟大国家最为适切的指标必然是它的统治者、艺术家或者科学家所取得的成就。
Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will
ensure a good life for the majority of that nation's people. 一个国家的统治者、艺术家或者科学家所取得的成就可以确保这个国家的大多数国民过上良好的生活。
15.
Claim:
Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which
they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.科研学者不应将自己的研究仅仅限制在那些可以做出即时的使用的应用的发现的领域。
Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any
certainty.人们无法确定无疑的预测研究路线的结果。
16.
Claim:
Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. 了解过去无法帮助当下的人们做出重要决策。
Reason: The world today is significantly more complex than it was even in the
relatively recent past.今日的世界相比哪怕稍微之前的那个世界已经变得日益复杂。
17.
Claim:
Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.了解过去无法帮助当下的人们做出重要决策。
Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past
events until we have some distance from both.我们无法在当下的事件和过去的事件中找到连结，除非我们可以对两者都保有一定的距离。
18.
Claim:
Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other
government experts.重要的政策决定应该总是留给政治家和政府管理专家来决定。
Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus
have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.政治家和其他政府专家比普罗大众拥有更多的学识因而拥有更佳的决断和视角。
19.
Claim:
Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate
elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.学院或者大学应该具体化全部的必修课程并减少选修课程以确保为学生提供清晰的指导。
Reason: College students—like people in general—prefer to follow directions
rather than make their own decisions.大学生——大众也是这样——更喜欢遵照指导而非是自己做出决定。
指导语5
Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.
讨论那一种视角/观点与你的论点更为一致，解释你所选择观点的原因。在发展和支持你的论点的过程中，你应该对题中所呈现的多种视角都与以考察和解决。15题
1. Some people believe that government funding of the arts is necessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people. Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.有些人相信政府资助艺术是必要的——确保艺术可以繁荣并为全体人民所得。另一些人认为政府对艺术的资助会威胁到艺术的完整性。
2. Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives.有人认为政治领导人要想有效，就应该屈从与公众的意见，同时为了妥协的缘故摒弃自己的原则。另一些人认为，一个有效领导的最为核心的品质就是始终坚守特定的原则和目标的能力。
3. Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.有人认为大学生在选择学习领域时应该只考虑其自己的才能和兴趣。另一些认为大学生应该以工作的可获得性为标准来选择自己所从事的领域
4. Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being. Others believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.有人认为社会应该拯救每一种植物和动物，无论人们在努力，时间、物质利益上所付出的代价几何。另一些人则认为社会不需要为此付出超绝的努力，尤其是以大量金钱和劳力为代价来拯救这些濒危物种。
5. Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.有人认为教育的目的是为了解放观念和精神。其他人则认为正式的教育倾向于限制我们的观念和精神而不是使其得到解放。
6. Some people believe it is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. Others believe that the public has a right to be fully informed.有人认为对于政治领导者而言，不想公众透露信息时常是必要的，甚至是值得做的。另一些人认为公众有权利充分的知情。
7. Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens. Others believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people.有人认为社会要想繁荣，就该把这个社会的整体的成功置于社会的个体公民的well-being之前。其他人认为一个社会的well-being唯一的评量标准就是这个社会全体人民的welfare。
8. Some people believe that government officials must carry out the will of the people they serve. Others believe that officials should base their decisions on their own judgment.有人相信政府官员必须执行其所服务的选民的意志。另一些人则认为，官员们应该给予自己的决断来做出定夺。
9. Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us. Others believe that science has revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized.有人认为科学发现已经使得我们对于周遭的世界有了更好的了解。另一些人则认为科学向我们揭示了世界比我们之前对其的认识更为无限复杂。
10. Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people.有人声称人们可以通过观察一个国家的统治者、艺术家和科学家所取得的成就来辨别这个国家是否伟大。另一些人则声称一个伟大国家最为适切的指标事实上是这个国家全体人民的整体welfare。
11. Some people claim that a nation's government should preserve its wilderness areas in their natural state. Others argue that these areas should be developed for potential economic gain.有人声称，一个国家的政府应该保护它的野生荒地使其保持自然状态。另一些人则声称这些区域应该予以开发以取得潜在的经济获益。
12. Some people argue that successful leaders in government, industry, or other fields must be highly competitive. Other people claim that in order to be successful, a leader must be willing and able to cooperate with others.有人声称在政府、商业或其他领域的成功的的领导者必定是具有高度的竞争性的。另一些人则声称，为了取得成功，领导者必须愿意并且能够与他人合作。
13. Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate. Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to make as much money as possible.有人认为公司有责任来增进其于其中运营的社会和环境的well-being。另一些人则认为，假定公司的运营遵守了相关法律，那么公司的唯一责任就是尽可能多的赚钱。
14. Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students to excel in the classroom. Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of real learning.有人认为出于对高分的竞争可以激励学生在课堂上胜出。其他人则认为这种竞争会严重限制学生真实的学习质量。
15. Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields.有人认为大学应该要求学生在所学领域之外修读一系列广泛的课程。另一些人则认为在学生选定的领域内除了那些可以为其将来的工作有所准备的课程之外，大学不应强制学生修读任何课程。
指导语6
Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.
讨论你对题中政策的观点，并解释你持有这一观点/立场的理由。在发展和支持你的立场时，请考虑实施这一政策的可能后果，并解释这些潜在后果是如何影响/塑造了你的立场。12题
1. Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.国家应该通过法律来保护其野生的区域出于自然状态下，即使这些区域可以通过发展而带来商业利益。
2. Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.政府应该提供给每一名被大学录取但是却无力承担学费的学生免费的大学教育。
3. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.国家应该要求她的学生学习相同的全国课程直至他们进入大学学习
4. Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.社会应该做出努力来拯救那些濒危的物种，前提是这些物种所面临的灭绝情形是由人类的活动所造成的。
5. Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构应该劝阻学生在那些他们不可能取得成功的领域继续专研。
6. Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.政府部分不该资助那些研究结构尚未明朗的科学研究。
7. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.教育机构应该主动鼓励学生选择那些工作机会丰富的领域进行学习。
8. Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.学院和大学应该要求所有的教员都在学术领域之外从事与自己教学工作相关的职业。
9. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.学院和大学应该要求他们的学生在一个海外国家至少学习一个学期。
10. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大学应该要求学生在所学领域之外修读一系列广泛的课程。
11. Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育机构应该主动鼓励学生选择那些可以提供丰富就业机会的学习领域。
12. In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should be required to step down after five years.在任何领域——商业、政治、教育以及政府管理——那些当权者应该在上任五年后卸任。
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