Key unresolved questions about metastasis
关于肿瘤转移尚未解决的关键问题
转移被认为是导致绝大多数癌症相关死亡的主要原因。然而，我们对肿瘤转移过程的理解仍然非常有限。
What controls the timing of metastatic dissemination across different cancer types? Are there phenotypic differences between cells that disseminate early or late?
是什么控制了不同类型癌症的转移扩散时间？早期和晚期播散的肿瘤细胞之间是否存在表型差异？
How does tumour genotype impact mechanisms of metastasis? Can metastatic ability be predicted prior to actual dissemination?
肿瘤的基因型如何影响转移机制？能否在实际肿瘤扩散之前预测转移能力？
How representative are circulating tumour cells (CTCs) of the cells that successfully metastasize? Do the cells that form metastases represent a stochastic subset of disseminated cells, or is strong selection or adaptation required for metastatic outgrowth?
循环肿瘤细胞（CTC）在成功转移的细胞中的代表性如何？形成转移的细胞是否代表了播散细胞的随机子集，或者转移性生长是否需要强有力的选择或适应？
What factors control the organs to which cancer cells metastasize? How widespread and important are drivers of organotropism?
哪些因素控制着癌症细胞转移到相应的器官？转移的器官嗜性的驱动因素有多广泛和重要？
How is dormancy enforced and what drives cancer cell escape from dormancy? How does dormancy relate to senescence?
休眠是如何实施的，是什么促使癌症细胞摆脱休眠的？休眠与衰老有什么关系？
Why are the kinetics of metastatic outgrowth so variable from one cancer type to another?
为什么不同癌症的转移生长动力学如此多变？
What are the interactions between a primary tumour and its metastases, and among different metastases? To what extent do they affect one another?
原发性肿瘤与其转移之间以及不同转移之间的相互作用是什么？它们在多大程度上相互影响？
How do metastasizing cells evade immune destruction once they leave the primary tumour environment?
一旦转移细胞离开原发性肿瘤环境，它们是如何逃避免疫破坏的？
How can metastasis be prevented? Can mechanisms of dissemination or escape from dormancy be targeted?
如何预防肿瘤转移？肿瘤播散或摆脱休眠的机制是否可以成为防治靶点？
全文链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41568-023-00568-4
参考文献：Hebert, J.D., Neal, J.W. & Winslow, M.M. Dissecting metastasis using preclinical models and methods. Nat Rev Cancer (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-023-00568-4
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