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扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂群落
陈华燕
扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (半翅目Hemiptera: 粉蚧科Pseudococcidae)原产美国,近年来逐渐成为亚洲国家的入侵性害虫。扶桑绵粉蚧(图1)是杂食性害虫,寄主植物范围广,可取食64属267种植物(Nagrare et al., 2019),包括棉花等重要的经济作物(Nagrare et al., 2019; Rezk et al., 2019),在亚洲国家尤其是印度和巴基斯坦对棉花造成巨大的经济损失,因此它又被称为“棉花粉蚧”。2008年在广州首次发现该害虫入侵我国(武三安和张润志, 2009),截至2018年底,该害虫已在我国大陆分布至16个省、直辖市、自治区,而且根据气候适应性分析,我国所有的棉花产区都有被扶桑绵粉蚧入侵的风险(Wang et al., 2020)。
扶桑绵粉蚧主要以若虫和雌成虫吸食植物的叶片、枝条、果实、主干和根部韧皮部汁液,分泌蜜露导致烟煤病发生,影响植物光合作用,同时作为媒介昆虫传播多种植物病毒(Saeed et al., 2007; 陈红松等, 2019)。目前,化学防治还是扶桑绵粉蚧的主要防治方法。但由于扶桑绵粉蚧体外有蜡脂保护、卵胎生、世代重叠和隐藏等习性,有效的防治手段常常限于使用传统杀虫剂 (Fand et al., 2015); 然而由于长期和大量使用化学农药,导致扶桑绵粉蚧对多种杀虫剂产生了抗药性或交互抗性,引起虫情反弹(Kaur and Virk, 2011; Ejaz et al., 2019; Nagrare et al., 2019; Afzal et al., 2019),同时,杀虫剂影响非靶标生物、影响环境和人类健康(Asogwa et al., 2010)。因此,扶桑绵粉蚧的可持续性防治手段,如生物防治等,近年来逐渐得到了很大的关注。利用天敌(尤其是寄生蜂)来控制害虫的生物防治被认为是自然控制扶桑绵粉蚧的关键手段。目前,在全世界有扶桑绵粉蚧分布的区域已经发现该粉蚧的至少有6科38种(见表1)原寄生蜂或重寄生蜂。进一步在生物防治上对这些寄生蜂进行评估和利用,需要对这些物种进行正确鉴定。因为不同的原寄生蜂其生物学特性有所不同,控制害虫的效果也有所不同,而我们希望能够找到安全高效的种类。另外,重寄生蜂作为原寄生蜂的寄生蜂,会大大降低原寄生蜂的防治效果。因此,需要全面了解和鉴定扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂群落。我们经过接近10年的调查,在华南9个省份和地区发现了扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂种类达18种(见表1),隶属膜翅目4科11属,其中原寄生蜂8种,重寄生蜂10种。原寄生蜂以亚利桑那跳小蜂Aenasius arizonensis (Girault)(=班氏跳小蜂Aenasius bambawalei Hayat)(图2)为优势种,已有的研究表明,该种具有较大的潜力对扶桑绵粉蚧进行有效控制,未来的研究应该关注开发该跳小蜂的大量繁殖和田间释放。重寄生蜂尤以南京刷盾跳小蜂Cheiloneurus nankingensis Li & Xu(图2)为优势种,该重寄生蜂寄生亚利桑那跳小蜂,且聚寄生,一个僵蚧可育出多达19只后代,会大大降低亚利桑那跳小蜂的防治效果。异地引入亚利桑那跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧进行生物防治时,必须避免同时引进了重寄生蜂。
图1. 扶桑绵粉蚧
图2. A 亚利桑那跳小蜂Aenasius arizonensis 寄生扶桑绵粉蚧 B 南京刷盾跳小蜂Cheiloneurus nankingensis 重寄生扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂(可能是亚利桑那跳小蜂)C 黄脸拟暗蚜小蜂Promuscidea unfasciativentris 在扶桑绵粉蚧僵蚧上寄生
表1. 扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生蜂/重寄生蜂(“?”号代表生物学不确定)
Family | Species | Parasitoid or Hyperparasitoid | Reference |
Aphelinidae | Marietta picta (André, 1878) | parasitoid | 李金峰等,2020 |
Myiocnema comperei Ashmead | parasitoid | 李金峰等,2020 | |
Promuscidea unfasciativentris Girault | hyperparasitoid | Vennila et al. 2010; 李金峰等,2020 | |
Encyrtidae
| Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) | parasitoid | Hayat, 2009 |
Acerophagus coccois Smith | parasitoid | 陈华燕等,2011 | |
Acerophagus sp1 | parasitoid | Chen et al. 2021 | |
Acerophagus sp2 | parasitoid | Chen et al. 2021 | |
Anagyrus kamali Moursi | parasitoid | Vennila et al. 2010; 李金峰等,2020 | |
Anagyrus agraensis Sarawat | parasitoid | Torfi et al. 2020 | |
Anagyrus aligarhensis Agarwal and Alam | parasitoid | Torfi et al. 2020 | |
Anagyrus californicus (Compere) | parasitoid | Spodek et al. 2018 | |
Anagyrus dactylopii (Howard) | parasitoid | Vennila et al. 2010 | |
Anagyrus jenniferae Noyes & Hayat | parasitoid | Chen et al. 2021 | |
Anagyrus kamali Moursi | parasitoid | Chen et al. 2021 | |
Anagyrus mirzai Agarwal & Alam | parasitoid | Vennila et al. 2010 | |
Anagyrus osmoi Guerrieri & Ghahri | parasitoid | Guerrierri & Ghahari 2018 | |
Anagyrus tristis Noyes & Hayat | parasitoid | Chen et al. 2021 | |
Bothriothorax serratellus(Dalman) | hyperparasitoid | Torfi et al. 2020 | |
Cheiloneurus sp. | parasitoid | Fuchs et al. 1991 | |
Cheiloneurus nankingensis Li & Xu | hyperparasitoid | 李金峰等,2020; Li et al. 2020 | |
Encyrtus aurantii(Geoffroy) | parasitoid | Vennila et al. 2010 | |
Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal | parasitoid | Chen et al. 2021 | |
Homalotylus albiclavatus(Agarwal) | parasitoid | Vennila et al. 2010 | |
Leptomastix algirica Trjapitzin | parasitoid | Spodek et al. 2018 | |
Leptomastix dactylopii Howard | parasitoid | Torfi et al. 2020 | |
Leptomastix mayri Özdikmen | parasitoid | Torfi et al. 2020 | |
Leptomastix epona (Walker) | parasitoid | Caliskan et al. 2016 | |
Metaphycus sp. | parasitoid | Nagrare et al. 2011 | |
Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet) | hyperparasitoid | Torfi et al. 2020 | |
Prochiloneurus javanicus (Ferriere) | hyperparasitoid | Joshi et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2021 | |
Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis (Ishii) | hyperparasitoid | 陈华燕等,2011 | |
Prochiloneurus nigricornis (Girault) | hyperparasitoid | 李金峰等,2020 | |
Prochiloneurus pulchellus Silvestri | hyperparasitoid | Vennila et al. 2010 ; Wang et al. 2014 | |
Prochiloneurus rex (Girault) | hyperparasitoid | Torfi et al. 2020 | |
Prochiloneurus stenopterus Wang, Huang & Xu | hyperparasitoid | Wang et al. 2014; Chen et al. 2021 | |
Prochiloneurus testaceus (Agarwal) | hyperparasitoid | Chen et al. 2021 | |
Prochiloneurus uyguni Hayat | hyperparasitoid | Caliskan et al. 2016 | |
Prochiloneurus sp. | ? hyperparasitoid | Chen et al. 2021 | |
Pseudleptomastix squammulata Girault | parasitoid | Spodek et al. 2018 | |
Eulophidae
| Aprostocetus bangaloricus Narendran | parasitoid | Vennila et al. 2010 |
Aprostocetus minutus (Howard) | parasitoid | Fuchs et al. 1991 | |
Platygastridae | Allotropa phenacocca Chen, Liu & Xu | parasitoid | Chen et al. 2011; 李金峰等,2020 |
Pteromalidae | Pachyneuron leucopiscida Mani | parasitoid | Vennila et al. 2010 |
Signiphoridae
| Chartocerus kerrichi (Agarwal) | parasitoid | Vennila et al. 2010 |
Chartocerus kurdjumovi (Nikolskaya) | hyperparasitoid | Torfi et al. 2020 | |
Chartocerus sp1 | ?hyperparasitoid | Chen et al. 2021 | |
Chartocerus sp2 | ?hyperparasitoid | Chen et al. 2021 | |
Chartocerus sp3 | ?hyperparasitoid | Chen et al. 2021 |
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