https://www.verywellmind.com/be-more-open-minded-4690673
How to Be Open-Minded and Why It Matters
怎样才能做到心态开放、开放的心态为什么重要
Updated on March 22, 2023
Reviewed by
作者：Kendra Cherry，MSEd
更新时间：2023 年 3 月 22 日
审稿人：Amy Morin，LCSW
沈阳师范大学 刘跃 译
In everyday use, the term "open-minded" is often used as a synonym for being non-prejudiced or tolerant. From a psychological perspective, the term is used to describe how willing people are to consider other perspectives or to try out new experiences.
在日常生活中，“开放的心态”指不带偏见或宽容。在心理学领域，该术语用于描述人们是否接受其它视角的观点或是否愿意尝试新事物。
Open-mindedness involves being receptive to a wide variety of ideas, arguments, and information. Being open-minded is generally considered a positive quality. It is necessary in order to think critically and rationally. Open-mindedness can also involve asking questions and actively searching for information that challenges your beliefs. It also encompasses the belief that other people should be free to express their beliefs and arguments, even if you do not necessarily agree with those views.
开放的心态就是能够接受各种想法、论点和信息。开放的心态是积极的品质。它是批判性和理性思考所必需的。开放的心态还意味着敢于对人们深信不疑的东西提出质疑并积极寻找答案。它还包含这样的信念：即使你不一定同意对方的观点，你也知道其他人应该被允许自由表达他们的信念和论点。
This doesn’t mean that being open-minded is easy. Being open to new ideas and experiences can sometimes lead to confusion and cognitive dissonance when we learn new things that conflict with existing beliefs. Being able to change and revise outdated or incorrect beliefs is an important part of learning and personal growth.
尽管如此，保持开放的心态并不是一件容易的事。当我们接触到与现有信念相冲突的新事物时，对新观点和新体验持开放态度有时会很艰难和不适。只有改变和修正过时或不正确 的信念才能增长知识和促进个人成长。
Open-Minded vs. Close-Minded
思想开明与思想封闭
The opposite of being open-minded is being closed-minded or dogmatic. People who are more closed-minded are usually not receptive to other ideas. They are only willing to consider their own viewpoints.
开放的心态的对立面是思想封闭或教条主义。思想封闭的人通常不接受其它想法。他们只愿意按照自己的观点看问题。
Open-Minded
Open to new ideas and experiences
Passionate about their own beliefs but considerate of others
Empathetic towards others' feelings
思想开明
• 乐于接受新想法和挑战新体验
• 对自己信仰充满热情，但又能体谅他人的观点
• 能体恤他人的感想
Close-Minded
Not receptive to other ideas; only their own
Rigid thinking and a refusal to consider other beliefs
Insensitive towards others' feelings
思想封闭
• 不接受其它想法；只坚持自己的想法
• 思维僵化，拒绝考虑其它信念
• 不顾及他人感想
Even if you consider yourself a fairly open-minded person, there are probably certain topics on which you take a much harder stance: experiences that you are passionate about or social issues, for example.
即使您是一个思想相当开放的人，但对于某些话题，例如，您热衷的感受或社会事物，您可能持僵硬的立场。
Having convictions can be great, but strong belief does not negate an open mind. Being open-minded means having the ability to consider other perspectives and trying to be empathetic to other people, even when you disagree with them.
有信念固然好，但坚定的信念并不否定开放的心态。开放的心态意味着你不是草包，你有能力考虑其它观点，并有能力从他人的视角考虑问题，即使你不同意他们的观点。
Of course, open-mindedness has its limits. It does not imply that you must sympathize with every ideology. But making an effort to understand the factors that might have led to those ideas can be helpful in finding ways to persuade people to change their minds.
当然，思想开放并不是你必须认同所有不同的观点。但只有顺着他人的视角思考才有助于找到说服不同观点的人改变他们的想法。
Characteristics of Open-Minded People
思想开放的人需要具备的品质
In general, open-minded people tend to:
Be curious to hear what others think
Be able to have their ideas challenged
Not feel angry when they are wrong
Have empathy for other people
Consider what other people are thinking
Be humble about their own knowledge and expertise
Want to hear what other people have to say
Believe others have a right to share their beliefs and thoughts
一般来说，思想开放的人倾向于：
• 好奇地听取他人的想法
• 能够接受他人对自己想法的挑战
• 自己犯错时不生气
• 善于从他人的视角思考问题
• 愿意尝试他人的想法
• 对自己的知识和专业技能保持谦虚
• 愿意听取他人的意见
• 相信他人有权分享自己的信念和想法
Recap
Open-mindedness refers to being receptive to other ideas and new experiences. Close-mindedness involves much more rigid thinking and a refusal to consider other possibilities.
小结
开放的心态是指乐于接受其它想法和愿意尝试新的体验。思想封闭则更是思维僵化、拒绝考虑其它可能性。
Factors That Influence Open-Mindedness
影响开放心态的因素
Some of the factors that go into determining how open-minded you are might be inborn characteristics. Others can be cultivated to help develop a more open mindset.
决定你思想开放程度的一些因素可能是与生俱来的。另一些因素则可以通过后天培养来帮助形成更加开放的心态。
Personality
个性
In the five-factor model of human personality, openness to experience is one of the five broad dimensions that make up human personality. This personality trait shares many of the same qualities with open-mindedness, such as being willing to consider new experiences and ideas and engaging in self-examination.
在人类性格的五因素模型中，对不同体验的开放性是构成人类性格的五个主要维度之一。这种性格特征与开放性思维有许多相同的特质，例如愿意体验新的冒险和观点并愿意自我反省
Expertise
知识水平
Research suggests that people expect experts to be more dogmatic about their area of expertise.When people feel that they are more knowledgeable or skilled in an area than other people, they are less likely to be open-minded.
研究表明，专家对其专业领域更加教条。当人们觉得自己在某个领域比其他人更有知识或技能时，他们就不太可能保持开放的心态。
Researchers have found that giving participants false positive or false negative feedback about their performance on a task influenced how closed-minded they were about considering an alternative political opinion.
How Hard Is It to Become an Expert?
研究人员发现，对于人们的不同政治观点给出虚假的支持和反对的反馈，会影响他们他们的思想封闭程度。
参考文献
How Hard Is It to Become an Expert?
Comfort With Ambiguity
模糊性的适应度
People have varying levels of comfort when dealing with uncertainty. Too much ambiguity leaves people feeling uncomfortable and even distressed.
面对不确定性时，人们的适应度各不相同。面对不同观点造成的模糊性会让人感到不舒服，甚至苦恼。
Dogmatism is sometimes an attempt to keep things simpler and easier to understand. By rejecting alternative ideas that might challenge the status quo, people are able to minimize uncertainty and risk—or at least their perception of risk.
教条有时是为了让事情变得更简单、更容易理解。通过拒绝可能挑战现状的其它观念，人们能够将不确定性和风险（或至少他们感绝降低了风险）降至最低。
Older research does support this idea, suggesting that people who are closed-minded are less able to tolerate cognitive inconsistencies. More recent research challenges these ideas, however, and suggests that the need for structure doesn't necessarily mean that people are close-minded.
较早的研究确实支持这一观点，认为思想封闭的人不太能难容忍不一样的认知。然而，最近的研究对这些观点提出了挑战，并认为最求统一认知的需求并不一定意味着人们思想封闭。
Benefits of Being Open-Minded
思想开放的好处
Being more open-minded means enjoying some useful and powerful benefits. Open-mindedness helps you:
更加开放的思想有很多好处。开放的思想可以帮助你：
Gain insight. Challenging your existing beliefs and considering new ideas can give you fresh insights into the world and also teach you new things about yourself.
Have new experiences. Being open to other ideas can also open you up to trying new things.
Achieve personal growth. Keeping an open mind can help you grow as a person. You learn new things about the world and the people around you.
Become mentally strong. Staying open to new ideas and experiences can help you become a stronger, more vibrant person. Your experiences and knowledge continue to build on one another.
Feel more optimistic. One of the problems with staying closed-minded is that it often leads to a greater sense of negativity. Being open can help inspire a more optimistic attitude toward life and the future.
Learn new things. It’s hard to keep learning when you surround yourself with the same old ideas. Pushing your boundaries and reaching out to people with different perspectives and experiences can help keep your mind fresh.
• 获得洞察力。挑战你现有的信念并考虑新的观念可以让你对世界有新的见解，也会让你对自己有新的认识。
• 拥有新的体验。对其它观点持开放态度也会让你乐于尝试新事物。
• 实现个人成长。保持开放的心态可以帮助你成长为一个真正的人。你会学到关于世界和周围人的新知识。
• 变得精神强大。对新想法和新体验持开放态度可以帮助你成为一个更强大、更有活力的人。你的经验和知识会不断增长。
•更具乐观进取的积极态度。保持封闭心态的问题之一是，它往往会导致更大的反进步情绪。保持开放可以激发你对生活和未来发展更乐观的态度。
• 学习新事物。当你仅仅被局限在旧观念中时，很难继续增长知识。突破自己的界限，接触具有不同观点和体验，可以帮助你保持进取的活力。
If you are not open to other ideas and perspectives, it is difficult to see all of the factors that contribute to problems or come up with effective solutions. In an increasingly polarized world, being able to step outside your comfort zone and consider other perspectives and ideas is important.
如果你不愿意考虑其它观点和视角，就很难看到导致问题的所有因素或针对其它观点提出具体有效的解决方案。在日益趋于极端认知的世界中，能够走出自己的舒适区并考虑其它观点和想法非常重要。
Recap
Being open-minded has a number of benefits. In addition to helping you learn new things and grow as a person, it can help you become more optimistic and resilient in the face of life's challenges.
小结
开放的心态有很多好处。除了帮助你增长新知识、使自己成长之外，它还能有助于使你在面对生活中的难题时变得更加乐观和坚韧。
How to Cultivate Open-Mindedness
开放心态的培养
Learning how to be more open-minded is possible, but it can be a bit of a challenge. In many ways, our minds are designed to view concepts as wholes.
学会变得更加开放是可能的，但这可能有点难度。在很多方面，我们的思维都倾向于从自己的整体世界观出发看新来的概念。
We develop an idea or a category of knowledge, which the psychologist Jean Piaget referred to as a schema. As we come across new information, we tend to want to sort it into one of our existing schemas in a mental process known as assimilation.
我们形成了自己的观念或知识体系，心理学家Jean Piaget称之为思维定势。当我们遇到新信息时，我们倾向于将其归类到我们现有的知识框架之内，这个过程被称为消化。
Sometimes, however, the new things we learned don’t quite fit in with what we already know. In this instance, we have to adjust our understanding of the world in a process known as accommodation. Essentially, we have to change how we think in order to deal with this new information.
然而，有时我们接触到的新知识与我们已经知道的知识并不完全一致。在这种情况下， 我们必须调整自己对世界的理解，这个过程被称为容纳。从理论上讲，面对这些新信息我们需要改变我们的思维方式。
Assimilation tends to be a fairly easy process; after all, you’re just filing new information into your existing filing system. Accommodation is more difficult. You’re not just putting something into an existing file; you’re creating a whole new filing system.
消化并不难；毕竟，你只是将新信息归入到你现有的知识系统中。但是包容则很困难的。你不只是将某些东西放入现有认知框架中；你正在创建一个整体的新的认知系统。
Sometimes new information requires rethinking the things you thought you knew. It requires reevaluating your memories and past experiences in light of what you’ve learned.
经常，新的信息使你重新思考你以为你已经知道的事情。它需要你根据新接触到的东西重新评估你以往的经验和记忆。
In order to do this, you have to be able to set aside your judgments, take a serious look at the existing evidence, and admit that you were wrong. That process can be difficult, confusing, and sometimes painful or life-changing. It takes a lot of mental effort, but you can train your brain to be more open-minded.
为了做到这一点，你必须能够放下自己的判断，认真审视已经形成固定思维，承认自己错了。 这个过程可能很困难、很不情愿，有时甚至会让人痛苦或根本改变自己的观点。这需要付出很大的努力，但你可以训练你的大脑变得更加开放。
Mindful Moment
反思
Need a breather? Take this free 8-minute meditation focused on opening your mind—or choose from our guided meditation library to find another one that will help you feel your best.
需要休息一下？参加这项免费的活动： 8 分钟自我反思使自己心态更加开放，或者从我们的反思模式库中选择一种来帮助您反思。
Fight Confirmation Bias
修正从众心理
A cognitive tendency known as the confirmation bias can be one of the biggest contributors to closed-mindedness. Overcoming this tendency can be a bit tricky. The confirmation bias involves paying more attention to information that confirm our existing beliefs, while at the same time discounting evidence that challenges what we think.
从众倾向是导致思想封闭的最大因素之一。克服这种倾向有点棘手。从众倾向更喜欢固执我们已经建立的共同信念，忽视那些颠覆我们观点的证据。
Being aware of the confirmation bias is perhaps one of the best ways to combat it. As you encounter information, take a moment to consider how this bias might affect how you evaluate it.
意识到从众倾向是对抗它的最佳方法之一。当你遇到信息时，花点时间考虑一下这种倾向会如何影响你的价值评估。
If it seems like you are readily accepting something because it supports your existing views, take a moment to consider some arguments that might challenge your ideas. Learning how to evaluate sources of information and be an informed consumer of scientific stories in the news can also be helpful.
如果你很愿意接受某件事，仅仅因为它支持你现有的观点，那么值得花点时间考虑一些可能挑战你的观点的其它观点。学会评估信息来源并成为期刊报道的科学故事的理性知情者也会有所帮助。
Recap
Findings ways to overcome the confirmation bias can be a great way to cultivate an open mind. Be aware of this bias and look for ways to challenge your existing assumptions to make sure you are not simply cherry-picking information that supports what you already believe to be true.
小结
找到克服从众心理的方法是培养开放心态的好方法。意识到这种偏见，从挑战您现有观点的不同见解中得到启发，以确保您不是在简单地挑选那些支持您已有信念的信息。
https://www.peeref.com/roulette-hubs/1044
“A considerable number of individuals are inclined to align with authority, seemingly believing that this aligning somehow validates their own greatness.”
Ask Questions
善于质疑自己
Most people like to believe in their own sense of intellectual virtue. And in many ways, it is important to be able to have trust and faith in your own choices. But it is good to remember that what might seem like being resolute and committed to certain ideals may actually be a form of closed-minded stubbornness.
大多数人都喜欢相信自己的感觉和智识。在很多方面，这对于建立自己的信心和信念是很重要的。但我们应该记住，看似坚定和忠于某些理念的行为实际上可能是一种思想封闭的固执。
Part of being open-minded involves being able to question not just others, but also yourself. As you encounter new information, ask yourself a few key questions:
保持开放心态是不仅要敢于质疑他人，还要敢于质疑自己。当你遇到新信息时，问自己几个关键问题：
How much do I really know about the topic?
How trustworthy is the source?
Have I considered other ideas?
Do I have any biases that might be influencing my thinking?
• 我对这个主题到底了解多少？
• 信息来源的可信度如何？
• 我是否考虑过其它想法？
• 固执己见是否影响了我思考？
In many cases, this sort of self-questioning might help deepen your commitment to your beliefs. Or it might provide insights that you hadn’t considered before.
在许多情况下，这种自我反省可能有助于加深你对自己信仰的坚持。或者，它可能使你产生以前没有考虑过的见解。
Give It Time
让时间讲话
When you hear something you disagree with, your first instinct may be to challenge it or just shut down. Instead of listening or considering the other perspective, you enter a mode of thinking where you are just trying to prove the other person wrong, sometimes before you even have a chance to consider all of the points.
当你听到一些你不同意的言论时，你的第一反应可能是质疑它或对它不屑一顾。你不是倾 听或考虑对方的观点，而是进入一种思维模式，试图证明对方是错的，有时甚至在你没有准确地评估反对观点之前就做出判断。
It’s easy to get wrapped up in the emotional response you have to something. You disagree, you don’t like what you’ve heard, and you might even want the other person to know just how wrong they are.
你很可能是陷入对某事的情绪反应中。你不同意，你不喜欢听到那些反对言论，你甚至可能想让对方知道他们错得有多离谱。
The problem with that sort of quick-draw response is that you are acting in the heat of the moment, not taking the time to really consider all aspects of the problem, and probably not arguing all that effectively.
这种草率回应的问题在于，你是在一时冲动之下做出的回应，没有花时间真正考虑问题的各个方面，而且可能无法有效地争论。
The alternative is to give yourself a brief period to consider the arguments and evaluate the evidence. After you hear something, take a few moments to consider the following points before you respond:
不同的做法是给自己一点时间考虑人家的论证再做出评估。听到一些观点后，花点时间考虑以下几点，然后再做出回应：
Are your own arguments based upon multiple sources?
Are you willing to revise your opinion in the face of conflicting evidence?
Will you hold on to your opinion even if the evidence discounts it?
• 你自己的观点是否基于多种来源？
• 面对与自己观点矛盾的证据，你是否愿意修改自己的观点？
• 即使证据与你的观点相悖，你仍然会坚持自己的观点吗？
Open-mindedness requires more cognitive effort than dogmatism. Just being willing to consider other perspectives can be a challenge, but it can be even more difficult when you find yourself having to revise your own beliefs as a result.
开放的心态需要比教条更多的认知努力。仅仅愿意考虑其它观点就已经是一个挑战 ，但当你发现自己不得不因此修改自己的信念时，这将会变得更加困难。
Recap
Giving yourself time to consider information can help you approach it with a more open mind. This often takes more effort, but it can be a great way to learn more about other points of view.
小结
给自己时间考虑反对观点可以帮助你以更开放的心态对待不同意见。这通常需要很大的努力，但这可能是理解其他人的观点的好方法。
Practice Humility
践行谦逊
Even if you are an expert on a topic, try to keep in mind that the brain is much more imperfect and imprecise than most of us want to admit. As research has shown, being knowledgeable about something can actually contribute to closed-mindedness.
即使你是某个领域的专家，也要记住，大脑比我们大多数人愿意承认的要不完美、不精确得多。研究表明，对某事的权威实际上会导致思想封闭。
When people think that they are an authority on a topic or believe that they already know all there is to know, they are less willing to take in new information and entertain new ideas. This not only limits your learning potential, but it can also be an example of a cognitive bias known as the Dunning-Kruger effect. This bias leads people to overestimate their own knowledge of a topic, making them blind to their own ignorance.
当人们认为自己是某个问题的权威或认为自己已经知道所有知识时，他们就不太愿意接受新信息和接受新想法。这不仅限制了你进步的潜力，而且也可以成为一种认知偏差，即邓宁-克鲁格效应。这种偏见导致人们高估自己的认知，使他们对自己的无知视而不见。
True experts tend to actually be more humble about their knowledge; they know that there is always more to learn. So if you think you know it all, chances are that you probably don’t.
真正的专家往往认为自己的知识还远远不够用；他们知道总有更多的东西需要被了解。所以如果你认为你无所不知，那么很可能你并不是无所不知。
As science communicator and television personality Bill Nye once said, “Everyone you will ever meet knows something that you don’t.” Without an open mind, you’ll never have the opportunity to consider those other perspectives and experiences. You’ll never get to know what others know.
正如科学传播者和电视名人比尔·奈曾经说过的，“你遇到的每个人都知道一些你不知道的事情。”如果没有开放的心态，你就永远没有机会考虑其它的观点和经验。你永远也不会知道别人知道的东西。
How to Encourage Open-Mindedness in Others
鼓励他人保持开放心态
If you want to encourage others to be open-minded, avoid arguing and be respectful. This minimizes the risk that the other person will feel attacked or become defensive. Instead, ask questions about how the other person thinks and feels, and then supply questions that might help encourage them to consider other perspectives or ideas.
如果你想鼓励别人思想开放，就避免争论，保持对人家的尊重。这样可以最大限度地降低对方感到受到攻击或产生防御心理的风险。相反，要针对对方的想法和感受提问，然后提出一些可能有助于鼓励他们考虑其它观点或想法的问题。
Being open-minded can be hard. It doesn’t help that our minds are often geared toward conserving cognitive energy by relying on shortcuts and simplification. Even if being open-minded does not come naturally to you, you can work to cultivate a receptive attitude that leaves you open to new perspectives, knowledge, people, and experiences.
保持开放的心态可能很难。这是没有办法的事，因为我们的思维往往倾向于用简单的方法来保守自己已经形成的认知。即使开放的心态不是你的本能，你也可以努力培养一种开放的态度，让你对新的视角、观点、人和经历持开放态度。
How Your Brain Plays Tricks on You
你的大脑是如何捉弄你的
Frequently Asked Questions
常见问题
What is an open mindset? 什么是开放心态？
An open mindset refers to a tendency to be receptive to new ideas and information. Having an open mindset means being objective when you approach new things, listening to other points of view, and being willing to admit what you don't know.
开放心态是指愿意拥抱新思想和新信息。拥有开放心态意味着在接触新事物时保持客观，倾听其它观点，并愿意承认自己不知道的事情。
How do I know if I am open-minded?我是否属于思想开放类型？
Some signs that you are open-minded include feeling empathy for others, wanting to know more about what other people think, and not getting defensive when other people challenge your beliefs. If you are willing to learn new things and change your mind if you are wrong, there is a strong chance that you are an open-minded person.
思想开放的一些标志包括对他人有同理心、想要更多地了解其他人的 想法，以及当其他人挑战你的信念时不会一味抵御。如果你愿意学习新事物，并且在犯错时能够改变观点，那么你很可能是一个思想开放 的人。
Why is open-mindedness important in leadership?做领导必须思想开放？
Effective leaders are able to overcome fixed thinking, generate new ideas, and take advice from knowledgeable members of their team. Being open-minded allows people in leadership positions to look for creative solutions and rely on members of the group who have experience and expertise.
有效的领导者能够克服固定思维，产生新想法，并听取团队中知识渊博成员的建议。思想开放使领导者能够寻找创造性的解决方案，并依靠团队中经验丰富、专长突出的成员。
How is open-mindedness measured? 如何评估思想开放？
There are a few different ways that open-mindedness might be measured. Openness to experience is one of the qualities measured on the Big Five personality test, a self-report instrument that can be used to measure different aspects of personality. Another assessment tool that may be used is known as the Actively Open-Minded Thinking scale.
有几种不同的方法来评估思想开放程度。经验开放性是“五大人格测试”中衡量个人品质的标准之一，“五大人格测试”是一种自我报告工具，可用于衡量人格的不同方面。另一个可以使用的评估工具是“积极开放思维量表”。
By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."
作者：Kendra Cherry，MS，心理社会康复专家、心理学教育家，著有《心理学 百科》
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