案例概述
2024年，《2025财年美国众议院商务、司法与科学拨款法案》中名为第552条款的立法提案成为学术界关注的焦点。该条款试图限制公众获取纳税人资助的研究成果，这威胁到了学术机构和公众赖以发展的开放获取生态系统。
在本案例中，惠特曼学院图书馆馆长傅平直接致信华盛顿州参议员帕蒂·默里（Patty Murray），表达对第552条款的强烈反对。信中详细阐明了该条款对惠特曼学院及更广泛学术界的潜在负面影响，强调了开放获取的重要性。随后，傅平收到参议员助理的回复，确认默里参议员将采取行动阻止该条款通过。这一结果表明学术图书馆在立法过程中的重要作用，同时也体现了有效沟通和策略性倡导的价值。
信件全文
以下是傅平于2024年7月30日发送的倡导信，展示了有效的沟通策略：
尊敬的帕蒂·默里参议员美国参议院拨款委员会华盛顿特区，美国国会大厦H-307邮编 20515
2024年7月30日
尊敬的默里参议员：
我谨代表惠特曼学院，表达我对《2025财年美国众议院商务、司法与科学拨款法案》第552条款及其附带报告（第118-582号报告）的强烈反对。报告中的“联邦资助的研究”（第90页）和“开放获取”（第110页）内容将阻止美国纳税人及时获取和使用每年由美国政府资助的超过900亿美元科学研究成果。我恳请您将第552条款及其报告内容从最终法案中删除。
惠特曼学院是一所小型文理学院，约有1500名学生和130名教师。由于预算限制，我校社区能够获取的研究资源十分有限。因此，对我们来说，及时访问和使用纳税人资助的研究成果至关重要，这将对我们的学生和教职工产生积极影响。
联邦机构一直在努力落实2022年美国科技政策办公室（OSTP）关于公众访问的备忘录，确保美国人能够访问并利用由纳税人资助的研究成果。及时获取这些研究将促进发现，推动经济发展，并加速华盛顿州乃至全国的创新，从而帮助我们应对共同的优先事项。这将加速疾病治疗、疫情预防、自然灾害影响的缓解以及公众福祉的改善。如果第552条款通过，美国人将无法获取这些他们已经支付过的关键研究成果。
联邦资助研究的受益者，包括研究人员、学生、企业家和企业，不仅需要阅读报告最新研究的文章，还需要使用这些研究。研究人员依赖于文本和数据挖掘技术，或利用人工智能来挖掘科学的全部价值。而报告内容将迫使公众再次支付费用以使用这些创新工具研究已经资助的研究成果。
我们不能阻止或延迟确保政府研究投资的效益得到充分实现的重要工作。我们希望您能删除第552条款以及限制公众重新使用纳税人资助研究的相关报告内容，以推进OSTP指导方针的实施。
致以诚挚的敬意，
傅平馆长及学院图书馆馆长惠特曼学院彭罗斯图书馆345 Boyer Ave.Walla Walla, WA 99362(509) 527-5193fup@whitman.edu
结果
在信件发送后，傅平收到了参议员助理的回复，确认帕蒂·默里参议员了解此问题的严重性，并承诺将在立法过程中采取行动阻止第552条款的通过。这一积极回应不仅增强了惠特曼学院的信心，也为进一步的开放获取倡导提供了宝贵的经验。
理论基础
1. 利益相关者理论
该案例体现了弗里曼（Freeman, 1984）的利益相关者理论，指出组织应考虑多方利益相关者的需求和关切。惠特曼学院图书馆通过倡导，强调了学生、研究人员和政策制定者的需求，并展示了及时获取联邦资助研究如何契合社会优先事项。
2. 政策窗口理论
金登（Kingdon, 1995）的模型强调问题、政策和政治流合流时是成功政策倡导的关键。傅平抓住了这一窗口，将华盛顿州选民需求与默里参议员在拨款委员会中的影响力相结合，最终成功推动立法方向的调整。
3. 图书馆作为变革代理
根据朗加纳坦（Ranganathan）的《图书馆学五定律》，图书馆必须随社会需求而发展。本案例说明了图书馆作为开放获取信息倡导者的扩展角色，并展示了其影响国家政策的能力。
教学应用
案例分析：使用利益相关者理论等理论框架分析倡导信。
角色扮演：模拟倡导活动，参与者分别扮演图书馆员、政策制定者和出版商的角色。
实践练习：针对当前议题撰写倡导信，鼓励学生将理论见解应用于现实场景。
结论
惠特曼学院图书馆反对第552条款的努力，凸显了图书馆在倡导公众获取纳税人资助研究方面的战略作用。通过这一教学案例，学生和专业人士可以探索图书馆如何影响政策，强调开放获取是教育和社会进步的基石。
Teaching Case: How Academic Libraries Engage in U.S. LegislationCase Overview
In 2024, Section 552 of the FY25 U.S. House Commerce, Justice, and Science Appropriations bill became a focal point of concern for the academic community. This provision sought to restrict public access to taxpayer-funded research, posing a significant threat to the open-access ecosystem that underpins academic and public advancement.
In this case, Ping Fu, the Director of Library and College Librarian at Whitman College, directly wrote to Senator Patty Murray of Washington State, expressing strong opposition to Section 552. The letter articulated the potential negative impacts of the provision on Whitman College and the broader academic community, emphasizing the importance of open access. Following this, Ping Fu received a response from Senator Murray's legislative assistant, confirming that the Senator recognized the gravity of the issue and would work to block the provision. This outcome highlights the critical role of academic libraries in legislative advocacy and the value of strategic communication and advocacy efforts.
Full Text of the Letter
Below is the letter sent by Ping Fu on July 30, 2024, demonstrating effective advocacy strategies:
The Honorable Patty MurrayU.S. Senate Appropriations CommitteeH-307, U.S. CapitolWashington, D.C. 20515
July 30, 2024
Dear Senator Murray,
On behalf of Whitman College, I am writing to express my strong opposition to Section 552 of the FY25 House Commerce, Justice, and Science Appropriations bill and the accompanying report language (H. Report. 118-582): Federally Funded Research (p. 90) and Open Access (p. 110). Section 552 and the report language would block American taxpayers from immediately accessing and using the results of the more than $90 billion in scientific research that the U.S. government funds each year. I urge you to remove Section 552 and the report language from the final bill.
Whitman College is a small liberal arts institution with approximately 1,500 students and 130 faculty members. Due to budget constraints, our community has limited access to purchased research resources. Therefore, it is essential for our students and faculty to access and reuse taxpayer-funded research, which will positively impact our community.
Federal agencies have been working to implement the Office of Science and Technology Policy’s (OSTP) 2022 Memorandum on public access to ensure Americans can access and reuse the taxpayer-funded research they fund. Immediate access to this research will advance discovery, spur the economy, and accelerate innovation across Washington State and our nation, helping to address our shared priorities. The result will be faster progress toward curing diseases, preventing pandemics, mitigating the impacts of natural disasters, and improving public wellbeing. If Section 552 were to pass, Americans will be unable to access this critical research that they have already paid for.
The beneficiaries of federally funded research, including researchers, students, entrepreneurs, and businesses, need to be able to both read articles reporting on the latest research and use them. Researchers rely on being able to text and data mine or use artificial intelligence on their science so they can unlock the full value of it. The report language would force the public to pay yet another fee to use these innovative tools on the research they funded.
We cannot block or delay the important work that is underway to ensure the benefits of government investments in research are fully realized. We hope you will remove Section 552 and the report language that bars implementation of the OSTP guidance and limits public reuse of taxpayer-funded research.
Sincerely,
Ping FuDirector of Library & College LibrarianPenrose Library, Whitman College345 Boyer Ave.Walla Walla, WA 99362(509) 527-5193fup@whitman.edu
Outcome
Following the letter, Ping Fu received a response from Senator Patty Murray’s legislative assistant, confirming that the Senator was aware of the issue’s significance. The assistant assured that the Senator would take action to block the passage of Section 552 during the legislative process. This positive outcome not only reinforced the confidence of Whitman College in its advocacy efforts but also provided valuable experience for further initiatives supporting open access.
Theoretical Foundations
1. Stakeholder Theory
This case reflects Freeman's (1984) stakeholder theory, which posits that organizations should consider the needs and concerns of diverse stakeholders. Whitman College Library, through its advocacy, highlighted the needs of students, researchers, and policymakers, demonstrating how immediate access to taxpayer-funded research aligns with societal priorities.
2. Policy Window Theory
Kingdon’s (1995) policy window model emphasizes that successful policy advocacy occurs when the problem, policy, and political streams converge. Ping Fu seized this opportunity to align the needs of Washington State voters with Senator Murray’s influential role on the Appropriations Committee, ultimately influencing the legislative process.
3. Libraries as Agents of Change
Ranganathan’s Five Laws of Library Science underscore that libraries must evolve to meet societal needs. This case exemplifies libraries’ expanded role as advocates for open access to information and their ability to influence national policies.
Pedagogical Applications
Case Analysis: Use frameworks such as stakeholder theory to analyze the advocacy letter.
Role-Playing: Simulate advocacy activities, with participants playing the roles of librarians, policymakers, and publishers.
Practical Exercises: Have students draft advocacy letters on current issues, encouraging them to apply theoretical insights to real-world scenarios.
Conclusion
Whitman College Library’s efforts to oppose Section 552 highlight the strategic role libraries play in advocating for public access to taxpayer-funded research. Through this teaching case, students and professionals can explore how libraries influence policy, emphasizing that open access is foundational to education and societal progress.
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