说说安评证书背后的职业伦理

最近，天津大爆炸的焦点逐步转移到那份安评证书的合法性上。问题是显而易见的，按照消防救火的战术考量，如果现场有硝铵、硝化甘油或其他炸药，消防队员应当退出2000英尺（611米）以外，而万科清水港湾小区与该仓库直线最近距离约为560米，该仓库与轻轨东海路站距离也仅约630米。所以，安评报告根本没有考虑灭火的安全裕量，所以是不合法的。问题在于，这种安评报告是如何出台？安评者有消防资质么？

自从安然危机之后，美国全社会加强了职业伦理教育。

作为商业领域的MBA学生，最常见的案例研究就是那个会计事务所（安达信，Anderson，曾经的四大会计事务所之一）如何帮助安然伪造数据，导致安然的破产，也导致自己的破产出局。

作为工程领域的学生，我们经常研究的伦理学案例是挑战者天飞机的事故。当时NASA的工程师队伍早已有人看出O型环的设计缺陷，内部的MEMO也记录了各种分析意见，可是最终的决策人罔顾工程师的看法，最终孤注一掷的结果，就是7名航天员和航天飞机的全部损失。天津大爆炸，也有罔顾安评报告的伦理学困境。

作为消防领域的学生，我们经常研究的案例是“威灵汉姆纵火案”。在这一事故的调查过程中，主要的火场调查（一位退役的消防队员作火场调查，缺乏火灾动力学教育背景，却依据经验和消防领域的所谓V-模式来确认纵火，让邻居的主观看法过度影响了他的调查结果。结果，把无辜者送上电椅）。虽然该案例从司法角度非常正规，经过了8年的审理，可是从消防工程的角度来说，这一位火场调查没有足够的资历，仅凭着师傅带徒弟的口头认识，居然把当事人送上电椅，实在是相当骇人听闻的。这一件事对消防工程的影响是，不断学习，了解自己的能力，不说不作能力以外的工作。

在这件纵火案之前，我们（消防工作者）讨论伦理学时用的是韩国锦湖轮胎在美国的诉讼案（一位几十年研究轮胎的高级技师，是否有资格作专家证词？答案是否定的，他日常从事的是简单重复的工作，没有发表文章，因此不足以对技术问题发表专家意见。），和Daubert Challenge （一个有无数药理学文章支持的药物是否就是没有问题的？“学术”文章虽多，如果没有经过同行评议，仍然是Junk Science/垃圾科学，不能当作专家意见。所以引用文章的档次要高，证明这是经过严格的同行评议才行）。

美国律师，对咨询者的资历非常讲究，不但要求你又专业的培训，足够长的相关研究经验，还要求发表经过同行评议的文章，取得同行认可的学术地位。比如，在衡阳大火之后的诉讼过程中，当事人聘请的专家的消防资历值得疑问，不足以对建筑安全发表意见。当然，这是全社会的问题，有案子不接是傻瓜。问题在于，如果律师发现你接了超过你的背景和资历，你所有的劳动全部被推翻，并且永远在法律领域出局（即个人信誉无法保障法庭的公正性，所以学问再多，伦理学（个人信誉）第一重要。这是美国社会强调伦理学教育的背景。专业教育可以保证你有一份工作，伦理学教育却是你职业成功的必要而非充分的条件。所以，任何ABET相关的教育项目，都要求有伦理学教育内容，哪怕你就在课堂上胡扯几个安全事故，但要让学生认识到，这是伦理学问题，让学生的评估表反馈，他们在课堂上有伦理学内容教育即可。

不久前发生的油管爆炸事故，也存在环评缺乏伦理学的嫌疑。任何事故都不是偶然，都是计划失误的结果。而计划是谁制定？谁审批？理论上，制定者未必了解细节，审判者未必关注内容，但是不同的单位，把不同的经验组合起来，可以消灭故障的隐患。当然，前提是各家单位都懂得职业伦理，不说过头话，不作过头事。

为什么中国社会缺乏伦理？我想，这可能与我国的专业学会主要是政府主导的，对伦理学问题就很难在意。伦理学的目标是行业自律，如果你不自律，其他自律的协会就会取代你，所以这是所有想扩大影响的行业协会无不努力扩充的领域，目的是扩大影响。国内的协会不自立，不自传，不自养，自然对行业规则也就无所谓，这是内在的先天性的不足。

顺便说一下，安全工作者需要制度建设，可是我们问责文化导致任何灾难，一旦上升到全社会关注的程度，立即被“刹车”，被冷藏，被淡化，就失去了科普的价值。关键是我们的制度不欢迎真相，事故处理的经济条件导致没有公布真相的必要。因为公布需要满足的某些条件，导致什么都可以虚拟出来，没有竞争和监督的机制，当然不会有真正的教训。每一场灾难，都会被宣布是人祸。既然是人祸，那么就是个人的责任，与制度无关。给你补偿是额外的，所以你拿一点补偿应当对集体感恩。有效的政府很少干这种善事，因为政府不从事经营，也较少直接的安全管理，所以可以置身事外，比较公平地处理民事纠纷。国内这种政府主导的调查方式，本身就有程序性问题的，但这是文化和传统，姑且信之。

附录，美国消防工程师协会（以前是美国消防协会的一个分会，1950年独立）制定的《伦理学宪章》，我就不翻译了，大义是终身学习，不提供能力之外的服务之类。《宪章》只能修改，不能删减，所以哪怕是删减，也要表明为什么，并留下空缺标志。伦理学内容的变化，反映社会当时对某一问题的道德观和文化的变迁，没有绝对的标准，只有流行的标准，是同行共同遵守的标准。没有规矩，不成方圆，同行的看法和共识就是我们工程师的规矩和方圆。

Canon of Ethics for Fire ProtectionEngineers

Section I - Preamble

Fire protection engineering is an important learnedprofession. The members of the profession recognize that their work has adirect and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, theservices provided by fire protection engineers require honesty, impartiality,fairness and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection and enhancement ofthe public safety, health and welfare; and the environment. In the practice oftheir profession, fire protection engineers must maintain and constantlyimprove their competence and perform under a standard of professional behaviorwhich requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct withbalanced regard for the interests of the public, clients, employers,colleagues, and the profession. Fire protection engineers are expected to actin accordance with this Code and all applicable laws and actively encourageothers to do so.

Section II - Fundamental Principles

Fire protection engineers uphold and advance the honor andintegrity of their profession by:

I. Using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement ofhuman welfare;
II. Being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity the public, theiremployers, and clients;
III. Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the fire protectionengineering profession.

Section III - Knowledge and Skill

Canon 1

Fire protection engineers shall be dedicated to the safety,health, and welfare of the public in the performance of their professionalduties. If fire protection engineers become knowledgeable of hazardousconditions that threaten the present or future safety, health or welfare of thepublic, then they shall so advise their employers or clients. Should knowledgeof such conditions not be properly acted upon, then fire protection engineersshall notify the appropriate public authority.

Canon 2

Fire protection engineers shall consider the consequences oftheir work and societal issues pertinent to it and shall seek to extend publicunderstanding of those relationships.

Canon 3

Fire protection engineers shall be encouraged to contributeservices for the advancement of the safety, health and welfare of the communityand support worthy causes.

Canon 4 (adopted4/3/08, revised 1/8/10)

Fire protection engineers shall perform their professionalduties in such a manner that considers the consequences to the environment.

Section IV – Honesty and Impartiality

Canon 5

Fire protection engineers shall perform professionalservices only in the areas of their competence and after full disclosure oftheir pertinent qualifications.

Canon 6 (revised1/8/10)

Fire protection engineers shall be honest in presentingtheir professional qualifications, data and estimates, professional opinions andconclusions, and in their public statements dealing with professional matters.Fire protection engineers shall not engage in improper solicitation ofprofessional employment or contracts.

Canon 7

Fire protection engineers shall act in professional mattersfor each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees and shall notdisclose confidential information concerning the business affairs or technicalprocesses of any present or former client or employer without consent.

Canon 8 (revised1/8/10)

Fire protection engineers' decisions shall be made andactions taken without bias because of race, religion, sex, age, nationalorigin, sexual orientation or disabilities.

Canon 9

Fire protection engineers shall make prior disclosure to allinterested parties of all known or potential conflicts of interest or othercircumstances which could influence or appear to influence their judgment orthe quality of their service.

Section V – Competence and Prestige

Canon 10

Fire protection engineers shall perform services andassociate with others only in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honorand integrity of the profession.

Canon 11

Fire protection engineers shall continue their professionaldevelopment throughout their careers and shall provide opportunities for theprofessional development of those engineers under their supervision.

Canon 12 (revised1/8/10)

Fire protection engineers having knowledge of any allegedviolation of these Canons shall cooperate with the proper authorities infurnishing such information or assistance as may be required.

Canon 13

Fire protection engineers shall accept responsibility fortheir actions, seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of work, properlycredit the contributions of others, and shall not accept credit for the work ofothers.

Canon 14

Fire protection engineers shall strive to advance theknowledge and skills of the profession and to make these advancements availableto colleagues, clients, and the public.

Canon 15 (adopted9/17/92, revised 04/03/08, deleted 1/8/10)

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