食堂吃饭,听到邻桌两位研究生在谈论论文写作的事儿。竖起耳朵听了一会儿,原来是在交流英文论文写作经验呢。写论文我觉得老难了,所以把他们的对话听了个真切:
甲:写论文,一个很长的名词不得不反复出现,烦得很。
乙:是的呀,我想过从名家文章里寻找解决办法,发现他们使用大量的冠词、代词、简化表达来取代,咱们这水平不够,一时半会学不会。不过,我也发现了一个可以推广的办法,就是把名词写成缩略语,在文中需要出现这个名词的时候,就用缩略语替代。
甲:这我知道,人工智能的缩略语是AI。那么,具体怎么操作呢?
乙:有三个步骤,一是把文中多个词构成的复合名词找出来,每个词的第一个字母拿出来,大写,就有了缩略语。二是在名词出现的地方用所构成的缩略语来替代。三是用简单的句式做翻译。
甲:还有一点,如果这个长名词,对它进行定量刻画的时候要有一个变量,那么变量名如何设置才好?
乙:这简单。“研究AI的人数”可以写成缩略语“NAIR”(Number of AI Researchers)。用NAIR作为变量就行了。缩略语与变量名合一,省得多费心思。
回到宿舍,我迫不及待地想要试验一下这办法是否灵验。从网上下载了《宾馆面点制作宝典》这本书里的【饺子】一段。然后用三步法搞成英文,并且调整为论文的模样。原文是这样的:
“饺子有人工包的和机器包的,均可制作成水饺、蒸饺或煎饺。制作水饺,大锅加水烧开,投入原料(手工饺或机器饺),稍煮后出锅装盘。制作蒸饺,用蒸笼,摆放原料后蒸熟出笼。制作煎饺,平底锅抹上油,紧密码放原料,加入少许水,烧干后出锅。高档餐馆最好用手工饺。机器饺胃口大的人吃20个,胃口小的人吃10个,有负面心理影响。但手工饺包的可大可小,胃口大的人吃20个,胃口小的人也吃20个,心里爽。”
我分析了一下,觉得以下复合名词需要做成缩略语:
手工饺 = HMJ (Hand made Jiaozi)
手工水饺 = BHMBJ (Boiled hand made Jiaozi)
手工蒸饺 = SHMJ (Steamed hand made Jiaozi)
手工煎饺 = FHMJ (Fried hand made Jiaozi)
机器饺 = MMJ (Machine made Jiaozi)
机器水饺 = BMMJ (Boiled machine made Jiaozi)
机器蒸饺 = SMMJ (Steamed machine made Jiaozi)
机器煎饺 = FMMJ (Fried Machine made Jiaozi)
胃口大的人 = PBS (Persons with a big stomach)
吃机器饺胃口大的人 = MMJ-PBS (MMJ eating persons with a big stomach)
吃手工饺胃口大的人 = HMJ-PBS (HMJ eating persons with a big stomach)
胃口小的人 = PSS (Persons with a small stomach)
吃机器饺胃口小的人 = MMJ-PSS (MMJ eating persons with a small stomach)
吃手工饺胃口小的人 = HMJ-PSS (HMJ eating persons with a small stomach)
接着,按照三步法完成了译文,又按照学术论文的模样整了两个公式,最后的文本是这样的:
Jiaozi can be HMJ or MMJ, but both are good to make BHMBJ, SHMJ or FHMJ, or BMMJ, SMMJ or FMMJ. To make BHMBJ or BMMJ, you add water into a large pot, when boiled put the materials (either HMJ or MMJ) into the pot; let boil for a while, then take out to plates to serve. To make SMMJ or SMMJ, you use a steaming rack. Put the materials (either HMJ or MMJ) into the steaming rack until ready. To make FHMJ or FMMJ, you use a frying pan. Add some cooking oil, place the materials (either HMJ or MMJ) tightly, then add some water until cooked. It’s better for a decent restaurant to use HMJ rather than MMJ. In the case of the latter (i.e., MMJ), there is big difference between PBS and PSS. MMJ-PBS may eat 20, whilst MMJ-PSS may eat only 10, i.e.,
MMJ-PBS >> MMJ-PSS (1)
where MMJ-PBS is the number of MMJ eaten by MMJ-PBS, and MMJ-PSS is the number of MMJ eaten by MMJ-PSS. Apparently, MMJ has a negative psychological impact. In contrast, in the case of the former (i.e., HMJ), the size of BHMBJ, SHMJ or FHMJ can vary so that the difference between PBS and PSS vanishes, i.e., the relationship between HMJ-PBS and HMJ-PSS becomes:
HMJ-PBS = HMJ-PSS (2)
where HMJ-PBS is the number of HMJ eaten by HMJ-PBS, and HMJ-PSS is the number of HMJ eaten by HMJ-PSS. Thus, HMJ makes both HMJ-PBS and HMJ-PSS happy.
工作完成后向室友显奇。室友评论道:“原文还有点明白,虽然生熟怎么判断、少许是多少、负面心理作用是什么,有点绕。译文却是难懂,用有道翻译出来,还是不懂”。我查对了有道的译文,是这样的:
饺子可以是HMJ或MMJ,但两者都可以做BHMBJ, SHMJ或FHMJ,或BMMJ, SMMJ或FMMJ。要制作BHMBJ或BMMJ,你在一个大锅中加水,煮沸后将材料(HMJ或MMJ)放入锅中;煮一段时间,然后拿出来装盘。要制作SMMJ或SMMJ,你需要一个蒸汽架。将材料(HMJ或MMJ)放入蒸架上。要制作FHMJ或FMMJ,你需要一个煎锅。加入一些食用油,将材料(HMJ或MMJ)放紧,然后加入一些水直到煮熟。一家像样的餐厅最好使用HMJ而不是MMJ。在后者(MMJ)的情况下,PBS和PSS之间有很大的区别。MMJ-PBS可能吃20个,而MMJ-PSS可能只吃10个,即
MMJ-PBS >> MMJ-PSS (1)
其中MMJ-PBS为MMJ-PBS吃掉的MMJ数量,MMJ-PSS为MMJ-PSS吃掉的MMJ数量。显然,MMJ对心理有负面影响。相反,对于HMJ, BHMBJ、SHMJ或FHMJ的大小可以改变,使得PBS与PSS之间的差异消失,即HMJ-PBS与HMJ-PSS之间的关系变为:
HMJ-PBS = HMJ-PSS (2)
其中HMJ-PBS为HMJ-PBS吃掉的HMJ数量,HMJ-PSS为HMJ-PSS吃掉的HMJ数量。因此,HMJ使HMJ-PBS和HMJ-PSS都快乐。
这出口转内销的货还真有点诘屈聱牙。但我仍然暗暗得意,学会这一招,从此以后就可以写很多很多英文论文啦。
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