德国神学家、教师和博物学家Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816)

----歌德反对他、达尔文喜欢他

     德国神学家、教师和博物学家Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816)  与诗人及博物学家歌德(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749--1832)几乎是同龄人。

     有一种说法，1782年身为教师的Christian Konrad Sprengel 的健康状况出现了问题。他结识了医生兼业余植物学家Ernst Ludwig Heim (1747--1834)。后者激发了Christian Konrad Sprengel 对植物的兴趣。

     1787—1793年，Christian Konrad Sprengel独立开展了传粉生物学研究。他对很多植物的花的结构进行了严谨的科学观察，天才般地发现了有些两性花的雌雄蕊异熟现象(dichogamy)。1793年，Christian Konrad Sprengel出版了一部传世之作--《大自然的秘密：花的结构和传粉之发现》。翌年，Christian Konrad Sprengel不仅失去了教职，而且遭到歌德的差评和猛烈反对。Christian Konrad Sprengel的大作被忽视了近半个世纪。

        1838年夏，Charles Darwin FRS (达尔文, 1809--1882)开始传粉生物学的观察和研究。达尔文在1859年出版的《物种起源》及后来的植物学著作里引述并高度评价了Christian Konrad Sprengel 的卓越研究。

       最后，值得一提的是“Sprengel”家族对德国植物学和古植物学的发展做出了重要贡献。在“德国古植物学之伞”专题，我曾谈到过Anton Sprengel (1803--1851)。在Christian Konrad Sprengel之后，我计划谈谈他的侄子Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel (1766--1833)。

---------------------------

Brief life chronology of German theologist, teacher and naturalist Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816)

--1750: Born in Brandenburg, Germany [Father--Ernst Victor Sprengel (1686—1759); second wife-- Dorothea Gnadenreich Schaeffer (1711--1778)];

--1770: Began to study theology and philosophy at the University of Halle [NB: Christian Konrad Sprengel’s two half-brothers-- Johann Christian Sprengel (1723--??) and Joachim Friedrich Sprengel (1726--1808) once studied at Halle. The latter is the father of German botanist Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel (1766--1833)];

--1774: Became a teacher of the Great Frederick's orphanage and the military school in Berlin;

--1780: Moved to Spandau ( a borough of Berlin) to serve as rector of the Great Lutheran Town School;

--Initiated strong interest in plants largely because of the inspiration of German physician and amateur mycologist and botanist Ernst Ludwig Heim(1747--1834);

--1787: Began to observe the pollination of Geranium flowers[(牻牛儿苗科(Geraniaceae)老鹳草属] during the summer of 1787;

--1787: Co-worked with German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow (1765--1812) on Florae Berolinensis Prodromus;

---1793: Published Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen (The secret of nature discovered in the structure and pollination of flowers);

--1794: Dismissed, but with a pension; then went to Berlin;

--1816: Died in Berlin at age of 66.

===========

P.S.

--1833: Scottish botanist and palaeobotanis Robert Brown FRS(1773--1858) published an article about pollination and cited some of Christian Konrad Sprengel’s research;

--1841: At the advice of Robert Brown FRS, Charles Darwin FRS (1809--1882)  read Christian Konrad Sprengel’s book;

--1859: Charles Darwin FRS confirmed Christian Konrad Sprengel’s observations about dichogamy in the chapter “Natural Selection” of the Origin of Species (1859);

--1862: Charles Darwin FRS made comments on Christian Konrad Sprengel’s research in the Orchids (1862);

--1876: Charles Darwin FRS made further comments on Christian Konrad Sprengel’s research in the Cross and Self Fertilization  (1876).

---------------------------

Lectures on Neobotany & Palaeobotany-20

German theologist, teacher and naturalist Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816) and pollination biology

德国神学家、教师和博物学家Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816)

2017年6月

相关阅读：

Lectures on Neobotany and palaeobotany: a teaching project and catalogue

古今植物学大讲堂(工作目录)

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1031964.html

2017-2-6 21:44

----

German theologist, teacher and naturalist Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816)

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Konrad_Sprengel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Konrad_Sprengel

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-Konrad-Sprengel

-----------

Timeline of microscopes 显微镜的时间表

https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/microscopes/timeline/

(转载--http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1055400.html2017-5-17 09:46)

---

植物形态解剖学: Neo &Paleo-植物学（2）

结构植物学: Neo &Paleo-植物学(2)

Morphology & Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.2)

Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.2)

Macroscope(宏观镜) vs Microscope(显微镜)(in English with Chinese introduction)

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-951574.html

2016-1-21 00:16

---------

古植物学的故事（84）：

钻研古植物学要读《维管植物比较形态学》

Story of Palaeobotany Series (84):

Graduate students majored in palaeobotany should spend enough time in perusal of Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants co-authored by A. S. Foster and E. M. Gifford. [inChinese]

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-396369.html

发表于 2010-12-23 7:17:57

=============================

古今植物学大讲堂

Lectures on Neobotany & Palaeobotany-17a

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632—1723) and plant anatomy (Chinese Part)

为何显微镜宗师列文虎克 (1632--1723)的植物学贡献被忽略？

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1057189.html

2017-5-26 09:56

--------

古植物学的故事521期[总第522期]

Story of Paleobotany Series (No.521) [The 522^nd issue in total]

The Epic of Palaeobotany-521

《德国古植物学之伞》Umbrella of German Palaeobotany (43)

German botanist and palaeontologist Anton Sprengel (1803--1851)

德国植物学家和古生物学家Anton Sprengel (1803--1851)

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1026781.html

2017-1-10 23:01

-------------

古植物学的故事436期[总第437期]

Story of Paleobotany Series (No.436) [The 437th issue in total]

Umbrella of British Palaeobotany (37)

英国著名植物学家Robert  Brown  FRS (1773--1858)

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-968110.html

2016-4-605:05

===========================