“舒氏液”中的“舒氏”究竟是谁？

  舒氏液(Schulze solution)是地质古生物学实验技术分析中的一种很传统而实用的化学试剂。譬如，化石植物的角质层分析常用舒氏液进行浸解处理(maceration)。然而，“舒氏液”中的“舒氏”是谁？发明“舒氏液”的时间？文献出处如何？最近，我发现维基百科(wikipedia)关于舒氏液词条含有错误信息。本期《德国古植物学之伞》(The Umbrella of German Palaeobotany)将聚焦舒氏液(Schulze solution)及其发明人。

∮ 1 谁发明了舒氏液?

     经过考证我认为：1855年德国化学家Franz Ferdinand Schulze (1815--1873)  发明了一种可以用于浸解煤岩的化学试剂。后来，该试剂被称作“舒氏液” (Schulze solution)，显然是赠誉发明人--Franz Ferdinand Schulze。文献出处为：

Schulze, Franz Ferdinand, 1855. über das vokrkommen wohl erhaltenes cellulose in Braunkohle undSleinkohle: Ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pp.676—678

     有的专业文献的引用常写成“Franz  Schulze (1855)”，容易产生歧义。有的专业文献误认为发明人是Franz Eilhard Schulze (1840--1921)。此人是德国动物学家和解剖学家，1885年当选为德国科学院动物学科的院士(German Academy of Sciences--Leopoldina)。实际上，Franz Eilhard Schulze是化学家 Franz Ferdinand Schulze的儿子！

       英文版维基百科(wikipedia)有个词条“Schultze reagent”试图简介“舒氏液”，但错误地认为发明人是德国著名解剖学家Max Johann Sigismund Schultze (1825--1874)，他于1858年当选为德国科学院院士。

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schultze_reagent

∮ 2 如何配制舒氏液?

       舒氏液含有氯酸钾和浓硝酸，具有氧化作用。Franz Ferdinand Schulze最初用这种试剂浸解煤岩样品。1883年，德国地质古生物学家Karl Wilhelmvon Gümbel 男爵(1823--1898)对舒氏液的配制进行了调整。100多年来，科研人员根据研究材料的具体情形对舒氏液的配制不断调整。

       舒氏液的常用配制方法是：一份饱和氯酸钾水溶液+两份（或三份）冷的70%浓硝酸（或发烟硝酸/纯硝酸）。

∮ 3 Brief life chronology of German chemist and inventor of Schulze Reagent--Franz Ferdinand Schulze (1815--1873)  

      Schulze solution is a traditional and convenient reagent for the petrological and palynological macerations as well as the cuticular analysis of fossil plants. It is German chemist Franz Ferdinand Schulze (1815--1873)  who invented the oxidizing mixture in  1855, later named as Schulze solution in honor of the inventor. The correct citation of the invention is as follows:

Schulze, Franz Ferdinand, 1855.  über das vokrkommen wohl erhaltenes cellulosein Braunkohle und Sleinkohle: Ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pp.676—678

       Regular Schulze solution can be made using one part saturated aqueous solution of potassium chlorate (KClO3) and two to three parts of cold concentrated (70%) or fuming (pure) nitric acid (HNO3).

--1815: Franz Ferdinand Schulze  was born in Naumburg, a small town in the  Saxony-Anhalt state, Germany on January 15, 1815;

--Attended Boys’ school in Naumburg;

--Studied theology, philologyand natural science in Leipzig;

--1839: Married Charlotte Sydow (??) at Charlottenburg;

--1840: Son--Franz Eilhard Schulze (1840--1921) was born, later became a German zoologist and anatomist and elected to the German Academy ofSciences—Leopoldina in 1885;

--1850: [Charlotte died;]

--1850:  Served as the first professor of chemistry at the University of Rostock after Hans Helmuth Friedrich von Blücher (1805--1862) (professor of chemistry and pharmacy) left;

--1852: Married Matilda Langer (??);

--1855: Invented the Schulze solution--

Schulze, Franz Ferdinand, 1855.  über das vokrkommen wohl erhaltenes cellulosein Braunkohle und Sleinkohle: Ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pp.676—678

--1873: Died on April 14, 1873. [NB: Franz Eilhard Schulze moved to theUniversity of Graz shortly before his father passed away.]

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Qigao Sun (孙启高):

古植物学的故事518期[总第519期]

Story of Paleobotany Series (No.518) [The 519th issue in total]

The Epic of Palaeobotany-518

《德国古植物学之伞》Umbrella of German Palaeobotany (40)

German chemist and inventor of Schulze Solution--Franz Ferdinand Schulze(1815--1873)  

“舒氏液”中的“舒氏”究竟是谁？

December 23,  2016

相关阅读：

Wrong information in the entry of Schulze reagent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schultze_reagent

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Story of Palaeobotany Series(No.46): Renowned scientists in the history of palaeobotany and palynology in German[In Chinese]

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-334861.html

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Members of the German Academy of Sciences  Leopoldina pertaining to the palaeobotanical studies since 1652 [ in Chinese]

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-575639.html

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=225931&do=blog&quickforward=1&id=575639

2012-5-27 23:26

Geology and palaeontology members of German Academy of Sciences (Leopoldina) since 1652  [Geologie und Paläontologie]

1652年以来德国科学院地质古生物学院士名单

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-994993.html

2016-8-707:47 (Compiled by Dr Qigao Sun)

https://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/members-since-1652/  [223MEMBER PROFILES]

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Botanik members of German Academy of Sciences (Leopoldina) since 1652

1652年以来德国科学院植物学院士名单

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-994989.html

2016-8-7 07:29  (Compiled by Dr. Qigao Sun)

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German Palaeobotanist August von Schenk (1815--1891)

与中国有缘的德国古植物学院士August von Schenk (欣克, 1815--1891)

http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1001322.html

2016-9-7 05:33

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