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Prototype theory
-- is a mode of graded categorization in cognitive science, where some members of a cateogory are more central than others. For example, when asked to give an example of the concept furniture, chair is more frequently cited than, say, stool. Prototype theory also plays a central role in linguistics, as part of mapping from phonological structure to semantic.
---formulated in the 1970's by Eleanor Rosch and others
-- Prototype theory was a radical departure from traditional necessary and sufficient conditions as in Aristotelian logic. which led to set-theroy approached of extensional or intensional semantics. Thus instead of a definition based model e.g. a bird may be defined as elments with features [+features], [+beak] and [+ablility to fly], prototype theory would consider a category like bird as consisting of different elements which have unequal status - e.g. a robin is more prototypical of a bird than, say a penguim. This leads to graded notion of categories, which is central notion in many models of cognitive science and cognitive semantics.
---The term prototype has been defined in Eleanor Rosch's study "Natural Categories" (1973) and was first defined as a stimulus, which takes a salient position in the formation of a catrgory as it is the first stimulus to be associated with that category, Later, she redefined it as the most central memeber of a category.
Rosch (1978) defines the basic level as that level that has highest degree of cue validity. Thus, a category like [animal] may have been a prototypical member, but not cognitive visual represenation. On the hand, basic catigories in [animal], i.e. [dog], [bird], [fish], are full of informational content and can easily be categorised in terms of Gestalt and semantic features.
Clearly semantic models based on attribute-value pairs fail to identify privileged levels in the hierarchy. Functionally, it is thought that basic level categories are a decomposition of the world into maximally informative categories. Thus, they
* maximize the number of attributes shared by members of the category, and
* minimize the number of attributes shared with other categories
However the notion of Basic level is problemaitc. The te
Exemplar Theories
---Is the storage of specific instances(exemplars), with new objects evaluated only with respect to how closely they resemble specific known members of the category.
[Reference]
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-- is a mode of graded categorization in cognitive science, where some members of a cateogory are more central than others. For example, when asked to give an example of the concept furniture, chair is more frequently cited than, say, stool. Prototype theory also plays a central role in linguistics, as part of mapping from phonological structure to semantic.
---formulated in the 1970's by Eleanor Rosch and others
-- Prototype theory was a radical departure from traditional necessary and sufficient conditions as in Aristotelian logic. which led to set-theroy approached of extensional or intensional semantics. Thus instead of a definition based model e.g. a bird may be defined as elments with features [+features], [+beak] and [+ablility to fly], prototype theory would consider a category like bird as consisting of different elements which have unequal status - e.g. a robin is more prototypical of a bird than, say a penguim. This leads to graded notion of categories, which is central notion in many models of cognitive science and cognitive semantics.
---The term prototype has been defined in Eleanor Rosch's study "Natural Categories" (1973) and was first defined as a stimulus, which takes a salient position in the formation of a catrgory as it is the first stimulus to be associated with that category, Later, she redefined it as the most central memeber of a category.
- Basic level categories
Rosch (1978) defines the basic level as that level that has highest degree of cue validity. Thus, a category like [animal] may have been a prototypical member, but not cognitive visual represenation. On the hand, basic catigories in [animal], i.e. [dog], [bird], [fish], are full of informational content and can easily be categorised in terms of Gestalt and semantic features.
Clearly semantic models based on attribute-value pairs fail to identify privileged levels in the hierarchy. Functionally, it is thought that basic level categories are a decomposition of the world into maximally informative categories. Thus, they
* maximize the number of attributes shared by members of the category, and
* minimize the number of attributes shared with other categories
However the notion of Basic level is problemaitc. The te
Exemplar Theories
---Is the storage of specific instances(exemplars), with new objects evaluated only with respect to how closely they resemble specific known members of the category.
[Reference]
- Berlin, B. & Kay, P. (1969): Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution, Berkeley.
- Dirven, R. & Taylor, J. R. (1988): "The conceptualisation of vertical Space in English: The Case of Tall", in: Rudzka-Ostyn, B.(ed): Topics in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam.
- Lakoff, G. (1987): Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind, London.
- Loftus, E.F., "Spreading Activation Within Semantic Categories: Comments on Rosch’s “Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories”", Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol.104, No.3, (September 1975), p.234-240.
- Rosch,, E., "Classification of Real-World Objects: Origins and Representations in Cognition", pp.212-222 in Johnson-Laird, P.N. & Wason, P.C., Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1977.
- Rosch, E. (1975): “Cognitive Reference Points”, Cognitive Psychology 7, 532-547.
- Rosch, E., "Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories", Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol.104, No.3, (September 1975), pp.192-233.
- Rosch, E.H. (1973): "Natural categories", Cognitive Psychology 4, 328-350.
- Rosch, E., "Principles of Categorization", pp.27-48 in Rosch, E. & Lloyd, B.B. (eds), Cognition and Categorization, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, (Hillsdale), 1978.
- Rosch, E., "Prototype Classification and Logical Classification: The Two Systems", pp.73-86 in Scholnick, E.K. (ed), New Trends in Conceptual Representation: Challenges to Piaget’s Theory?, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, 1983.
- Rosch, E., "Reclaiming Concepts", Journal of Consciousness Studies, Vol.6, Nos.11-12, (November/December 1999), pp.61-77.
- Rosch, E., "Reply to Loftus", Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol.104, No.3, (September 1975), pp.241-243.
- Rosch, E. & Mervis, C.B., "Family Resemblances: Studies in the Internal Structure of Categories", Cognitive Psychology, Vol.7, No.4, (October 1975), pp.573-605.
- Rosch, E., Mervis, C.B., Gray, W., Johnson, D., & Boyes-Braem, P., Basic Objects in Natural Categories, Working Paper No.43, Language Behaviour Research Laboratory, University of California (Berkeley), 1975.
- Rosch, E., Mervis, C.B., Gray, W., Johnson, D., & Boyes-Braem, P., "Basic Objects in Natural Categories", Cognitive Psychology, Vol.8, No.3, (July 1976), pp.382-439.
- Taylor, J. R.(2003): Linguistic Categorization, Oxford University Press.
- Wittgenstein, L., Philosophical Investigations (Philosophische Untersuchungen), Blackwell Publishers, 2001 (ISBN 0-631-23127-7).
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